Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh; Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh, Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu

Published in American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 9, Issue 4)

Received: 24 June 2020 Accepted: 9 July 2020 Published: 17 July 2020

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Abstract

Tramadol and codeine are opioids known to have effective analgesic effects and potentials for the possible development of tolerance and addiction. The recent increase in the use and abuse of these substances coupled with research evidence implicating the ability of these opioids to readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a source of research concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of chronic exposure to codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats weighing between 150-200g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 4 experimental groups of codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups with 6 rats in each group. They were exposed to 8mg/kg of codeine, 20mg/kg of tramadol, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol, and normal saline for the codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups respectively for 28 days. The rats were administered with the drugs every other day and observed after each treatment day for exploratory learning behaviour using the T-maze. randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour among male albino rats, f (3,67) = 19.08, p < 0.001, η2=.08. Male albino rats in the codeine treatment group significantly took more time exploring the maze (Mean = 176.64) than combined group (Mean =168.13), tramadol group (Mean =131.10) and control group (Mean =92.48). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol and codeine has implications for exploratory learning and memory deficits.

Published in	American Journal of Applied Psychology (Volume 9, Issue 4)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13
Page(s)	99-107
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Exploratory Learning Behavior, Codeine, Tramadol, Male Albino Rats

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh, Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. (2020). Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(4), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh; Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 9(4), 99-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh, Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. Am J Appl Psychol. 2020;9(4):99-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13,
  author = {Shyngle Kolawole Balogun and Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh and Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu},
  title = {Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {99-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20200904.13},
  abstract = {Tramadol and codeine are opioids known to have effective analgesic effects and potentials for the possible development of tolerance and addiction. The recent increase in the use and abuse of these substances coupled with research evidence implicating the ability of these opioids to readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a source of research concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of chronic exposure to codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats weighing between 150-200g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 4 experimental groups of codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups with 6 rats in each group. They were exposed to 8mg/kg of codeine, 20mg/kg of tramadol, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol, and normal saline for the codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups respectively for 28 days. The rats were administered with the drugs every other day and observed after each treatment day for exploratory learning behaviour using the T-maze. randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour among male albino rats, f (3,67) = 19.08, p < 0.001, η2=.08. Male albino rats in the codeine treatment group significantly took more time exploring the maze (Mean = 176.64) than combined group (Mean =168.13), tramadol group (Mean =131.10) and control group (Mean =92.48). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol and codeine has implications for exploratory learning and memory deficits.},
 year = {2020}
}

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T1  - Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats
AU  - Shyngle Kolawole Balogun
AU  - Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh
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SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13
AB  - Tramadol and codeine are opioids known to have effective analgesic effects and potentials for the possible development of tolerance and addiction. The recent increase in the use and abuse of these substances coupled with research evidence implicating the ability of these opioids to readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a source of research concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of chronic exposure to codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats weighing between 150-200g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 4 experimental groups of codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups with 6 rats in each group. They were exposed to 8mg/kg of codeine, 20mg/kg of tramadol, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol, and normal saline for the codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups respectively for 28 days. The rats were administered with the drugs every other day and observed after each treatment day for exploratory learning behaviour using the T-maze. randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour among male albino rats, f (3,67) = 19.08, p < 0.001, η2=.08. Male albino rats in the codeine treatment group significantly took more time exploring the maze (Mean = 176.64) than combined group (Mean =168.13), tramadol group (Mean =131.10) and control group (Mean =92.48). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol and codeine has implications for exploratory learning and memory deficits.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun

Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh

Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Federal University, Oye-Ekiti, Nigeria
Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu

Department of Psychology, Faculty of the Social Sciences, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria

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Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh, Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. (2020). Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. American Journal of Applied Psychology, 9(4), 99-107. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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ACS Style

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun; Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh; Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. Am. J. Appl. Psychol. 2020, 9(4), 99-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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AMA Style

Shyngle Kolawole Balogun, Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh, Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu. Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats. Am J Appl Psychol. 2020;9(4):99-107. doi: 10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13

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@article{10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13,
  author = {Shyngle Kolawole Balogun and Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh and Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu},
  title = {Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats},
  journal = {American Journal of Applied Psychology},
  volume = {9},
  number = {4},
  pages = {99-107},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajap.20200904.13},
  abstract = {Tramadol and codeine are opioids known to have effective analgesic effects and potentials for the possible development of tolerance and addiction. The recent increase in the use and abuse of these substances coupled with research evidence implicating the ability of these opioids to readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a source of research concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of chronic exposure to codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats weighing between 150-200g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 4 experimental groups of codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups with 6 rats in each group. They were exposed to 8mg/kg of codeine, 20mg/kg of tramadol, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol, and normal saline for the codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups respectively for 28 days. The rats were administered with the drugs every other day and observed after each treatment day for exploratory learning behaviour using the T-maze. randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour among male albino rats, f (3,67) = 19.08, p < 0.001, η2=.08. Male albino rats in the codeine treatment group significantly took more time exploring the maze (Mean = 176.64) than combined group (Mean =168.13), tramadol group (Mean =131.10) and control group (Mean =92.48). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol and codeine has implications for exploratory learning and memory deficits.},
 year = {2020}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Effects of Separate and Combined Chronic Ingestion of Codeine and Tramadol on Exploratory Learning Behaviour Among Male Albino Rats
AU  - Shyngle Kolawole Balogun
AU  - Jackson Iheukwumere Osuh
AU  - Oluwatosi Olatunde Olotu
Y1  - 2020/07/17
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13
T2  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JF  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
JO  - American Journal of Applied Psychology
SP  - 99
EP  - 107
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5672
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20200904.13
AB  - Tramadol and codeine are opioids known to have effective analgesic effects and potentials for the possible development of tolerance and addiction. The recent increase in the use and abuse of these substances coupled with research evidence implicating the ability of these opioids to readily access opioid receptors in the central nervous system (CNS) is a source of research concern. This study, therefore, examined the effects of chronic exposure to codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour. Twenty-four (24) male albino rats weighing between 150-200g and 4-6 weeks old, collected from the University of Ibadan Veterinary animal farm were used for this study. They were divided into 4 experimental groups of codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups with 6 rats in each group. They were exposed to 8mg/kg of codeine, 20mg/kg of tramadol, combined 8mg/kg of codeine and 20mg/kg of tramadol, and normal saline for the codeine, tramadol, combined codeine and tramadol and control groups respectively for 28 days. The rats were administered with the drugs every other day and observed after each treatment day for exploratory learning behaviour using the T-maze. randomized block ANOVA showed a significant effect of codeine and tramadol on exploratory learning behaviour among male albino rats, f (3,67) = 19.08, p < 0.001, η2=.08. Male albino rats in the codeine treatment group significantly took more time exploring the maze (Mean = 176.64) than combined group (Mean =168.13), tramadol group (Mean =131.10) and control group (Mean =92.48). The mean differences were significant (p<.001). It was concluded that chronic exposure to tramadol and codeine has implications for exploratory learning and memory deficits.
VL  - 9
IS  - 4
ER  -

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