Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia

Girmay Adhena; Lemessa Oljira

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

| Peer-Reviewed

Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia

Girmay Adhena, Lemessa Oljira

Published in American Journal of Health Research (Volume 8, Issue 6)

Received: 19 September 2020 Accepted: 30 September 2020 Published: 4 November 2020

Views: Downloads:

Download PDF

Share This Article

Twitter
Linked In
Facebook

Abstract

Background: Violence against women is a global concern and it is high in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the attention given to this issue is less. This study aimed to assess sexual and psychological violence among pregnant women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was done among 476 pregnants. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pretested, structured, and interview was done using a standardized questioner. Logistic regression analyses (bivariable and multivariable) were done to identify associated factors. The odds ratio of 95% was used to show the strength and variables with p-value<0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results: About 30.3% women were experienced sexual and psychological violence. Sexual violence (15.5%), and psychological violence (22.7%). Having alcohol drinker husband [(AOR=3.15, 95% CI: (1.92, 5.18)], undesired pregnancy by husband [(AOR=3.68, 95% CI: (1.54, 8.78)], having another wife [(AOR=4.87, 95% CI: (2.07, 11.5)], unplanned pregnancy [(AOR=3.46, 95% CI: (1.51, 7.95)], low decision making capacity of women [(AOR=2.99, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.82)] and having medium economic status [AOR=0.53, 95% CI: (0.31, 0.92)] were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Near to one –third of pregnant women experienced sexual and psychological violence during a recent pregnancy. Strengthening women's, empowerment and encouraging inter-spousal communication to enhance relationships, and to make join reproductive decisions are crucial to reducing violence during pregnancy.

Published in	American Journal of Health Research (Volume 8, Issue 6)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
Page(s)	96-101
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Sexual Violence, Psychological Violence, Pregnant, Tigray, Ethiopia

References

[1]	World Health Organization. Global and Regional Estimates of Violence against Women: Prevalence and Health Effects of Intimate Partner Violence and Non-partner Sexual Violence. 2013.
[2]	WHO. Violence and injury prevention: prevention of intimate partner and sexual violence (domestic violence), 2014.
[3]	Garcia-Moreno C, Jansen HA, Ellsberg M, et al. Prevalence of intimate partner violence: findings from the WHO multi-country study on women’s health and domestic violence. Lancet. 2006; 368 (9543): 1260–1269.
[4]	Stockl H, Devries K, Rotstein A, et al. The global prevalence of intimate partner homicide: a systematic review. Lancet 2013; 382 (9895): 859–865.
[5]	World Health Organization (CH). Understanding and addressing violence against women: intimate partner violence [Internet]. Geneva; 2012 [citado 2015 mar 18]. Available at: http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/77432/1/WHO_RHR_12.36_eng.pdf.
[6]	Devries KM, Kishor S, Johnson H, Stöckl H, Bacchus L, Garcia-Moreno C, et al. Intimate partner violence during pregnancy: prevalence data from 19 countries. Reprod Health Matters. 2010; 18 (36): 1–13.
[7]	James L, Brody D, Hamilton Z. Risk factors for domestic violence during pregnancy: a meta-analytic review. Violence Vict. 2013; 28 (3): 359–80.
[8]	Bright Opoku Ahinkorah1, Kwamena Sekyi Dickson, and Abdul-Aziz Seidu. Women decision-making capacity and intimate partner violence among women in sub-Saharan Africa. Archives of Public Health. 2018; 76: 5.
[9]	EDHS. Central Statistical Agency; Ethiopian Demographic Health Survey Addis Ababa, Ethiopia and Rockville, Maryland, USA: CSA and ICF. 2016.
[10]	O’Doherty L, Hegarty K, Ramsay J, Davidson LL, Feder G, Taft A. Screening wom¬en for intimate partner violence in healthcare settings. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015; 7: CD 007007. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD007007.pub3.
[11]	Agumasie Semahegn and Bezatu Mengistie. Domestic violence against women and associated factors in Ethiopia; a systematic review. Reproductive Health. 2015; 12: 78.
[12]	Bikinesi LT, Mash R, Joyner K. Prevalence of intimate partner violence and associated factors amongst women attending antenatal care at Outapi clinic, Namibia: A descriptive survey. African Journal of Primary Health Care & Family Medicine. 2017; 9 (1), a1512.
[13]	E. Fekadu, G. Yigzaw, K. A. Gelaye et al., “Prevalence of domestic violence and associated factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care service at University of Gondar Referral Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia,” Biomed Central Women’s Health, vol. 18, pp. 1–8, 2018.
[14]	B. H. Gebrezgi, M. B. Badi, E. A. Cherkose, and N. B. Weldehaweria, “Factors associated with intimate partner physical violence among women attending antenatal care in Shire Endaselassie town, Tigray, northern Ethiopia: a crosssectional study,” Reproductive Health, vol. 14, no. 1, p. 76, 2017.
[15]	Jesmin SS. Social determinants of married women’s attitudinal accep¬tance of intimate partner violence. J Interpers Violence. 2015 Aug 5. doi: 10.1177/0886260515597436.
[16]	Central Statistical Agency [Ethiopia] and ORC Macro. Ethiopian demographic health survey. Maryland: Ethiopia and Calverton. 2007.
[17]	Abate BA, Wossen BA, Degfie TT. Determinants of intimate partner violence during pregnancy among married women in Abay Chomen district, Western Ethiopia: a community-based cross-sectional study. BMC Women's Health. 2016; 16: 16.
[18]	García-Moreno C, Jansen H, Ellsberg M, L. Heise, Watts CH. WHO multi-country study on women's health and domestic violence against women: initial results on prevalence, health outcomes and women's responses. 2005.
[19]	Monika Shrestha, Sumina Shrestha and Binjwala Shrestha. Domestic violence among antenatal attendees in a Kathmandu hospital and its associated factors: a cross-sectional study. BMC pregnancy and Child Health. 2016, 16: 360.
[20]	Selma Sen, and Nursen BolsoyViolence against women: prevalence and risk factors in Turkish sample. BMC Women's Health (2017) 17: 100.
[21]	Lisiane Camargo Quialheiro de Oliveira, Mariana de Oliveira Fonseca-Machado, Juliana Stefanello, Flávia Azevedo Gomes-Sponholz. Intimate partner violence in pregnancy: identification of women victims of their partners. 2015: 36: 233-8.
[22]	Sally Field, Michael Onah, Thandi van Heyningen1 and Simone Honikman. Domestic and intimate partner violence among pregnant women in a low resource setting in South Africa: a facility-based, mixed methods study. BMC Women's Health (2018) 18: 119.
[23]	Adriel Monkam Tchokossa, Timothy Golfa, Omowumi Romoke Salau, Adesola Adenike Ogunfowokan, Perceptions and Experiences of Intimate Partner Violence among Women in Ile-Ife Osun State Nigeria. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 2018, 11; 1; 267.
[24]	Method R. Kazaura1, Mangi J. Ezekiel, and Dereck Chitama. Magnitude and factors associated with intimate partner violence in mainland Tanzania. BMC Public Health. 2016: 16: 494.
[25]	Tenaw Y, Tesfaye G, gudina E, habtamu M. Magnitude of Domestic Violence and Associated Factors among Pregnant Women in Hulet Ejju Enessie District, Northwest Ethiopia. Hindawi Publishing Corporation. 2014; 2014: 8.
[26]	Shiny Chrism Queen Nesan, Gundmi Rakesh Maiya, Rashmi Kundapur. Domestic violence patterns and its consequences among married women in rural Mangalore. Indian Journal of Community Health, 2018; 30.

Cite This Article

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Girmay Adhena, Lemessa Oljira. (2020). Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. American Journal of Health Research, 8(6), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Girmay Adhena; Lemessa Oljira. Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Am. J. Health Res. 2020, 8(6), 96-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Girmay Adhena, Lemessa Oljira. Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Am J Health Res. 2020;8(6):96-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11,
  author = {Girmay Adhena and Lemessa Oljira},
  title = {Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {96-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  abstract = {Background: Violence against women is a global concern and it is high in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the attention given to this issue is less. This study aimed to assess sexual and psychological violence among pregnant women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was done among 476 pregnants. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pretested, structured, and interview was done using a standardized questioner. Logistic regression analyses (bivariable and multivariable) were done to identify associated factors. The odds ratio of 95% was used to show the strength and variables with p-valueResults: About 30.3% women were experienced sexual and psychological violence. Sexual violence (15.5%), and psychological violence (22.7%). Having alcohol drinker husband [(AOR=3.15, 95% CI: (1.92, 5.18)], undesired pregnancy by husband [(AOR=3.68, 95% CI: (1.54, 8.78)], having another wife [(AOR=4.87, 95% CI: (2.07, 11.5)], unplanned pregnancy [(AOR=3.46, 95% CI: (1.51, 7.95)], low decision making capacity of women [(AOR=2.99, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.82)] and having medium economic status [AOR=0.53, 95% CI: (0.31, 0.92)] were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Near to one –third of pregnant women experienced sexual and psychological violence during a recent pregnancy. Strengthening women's, empowerment and encouraging inter-spousal communication to enhance relationships, and to make join reproductive decisions are crucial to reducing violence during pregnancy.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia
AU  - Girmay Adhena
AU  - Lemessa Oljira
Y1  - 2020/11/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 96
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
AB  - Background: Violence against women is a global concern and it is high in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the attention given to this issue is less. This study aimed to assess sexual and psychological violence among pregnant women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was done among 476 pregnants. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pretested, structured, and interview was done using a standardized questioner. Logistic regression analyses (bivariable and multivariable) were done to identify associated factors. The odds ratio of 95% was used to show the strength and variables with p-valueResults: About 30.3% women were experienced sexual and psychological violence. Sexual violence (15.5%), and psychological violence (22.7%). Having alcohol drinker husband [(AOR=3.15, 95% CI: (1.92, 5.18)], undesired pregnancy by husband [(AOR=3.68, 95% CI: (1.54, 8.78)], having another wife [(AOR=4.87, 95% CI: (2.07, 11.5)], unplanned pregnancy [(AOR=3.46, 95% CI: (1.51, 7.95)], low decision making capacity of women [(AOR=2.99, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.82)] and having medium economic status [AOR=0.53, 95% CI: (0.31, 0.92)] were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Near to one –third of pregnant women experienced sexual and psychological violence during a recent pregnancy. Strengthening women's, empowerment and encouraging inter-spousal communication to enhance relationships, and to make join reproductive decisions are crucial to reducing violence during pregnancy.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download

Author Information

Girmay Adhena

Department of Reproductive Health, Tigray Regional Health Bureau, Tigray, Ethiopia
Lemessa Oljira

School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Science, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia

Download PDF

Sections

Plain Text BibTeX RIS

APA Style

Girmay Adhena, Lemessa Oljira. (2020). Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. American Journal of Health Research, 8(6), 96-101. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

ACS Style

Girmay Adhena; Lemessa Oljira. Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Am. J. Health Res. 2020, 8(6), 96-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

AMA Style

Girmay Adhena, Lemessa Oljira. Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Am J Health Res. 2020;8(6):96-101. doi: 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11,
  author = {Girmay Adhena and Lemessa Oljira},
  title = {Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia},
  journal = {American Journal of Health Research},
  volume = {8},
  number = {6},
  pages = {96-101},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajhr.20200806.11},
  abstract = {Background: Violence against women is a global concern and it is high in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the attention given to this issue is less. This study aimed to assess sexual and psychological violence among pregnant women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was done among 476 pregnants. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pretested, structured, and interview was done using a standardized questioner. Logistic regression analyses (bivariable and multivariable) were done to identify associated factors. The odds ratio of 95% was used to show the strength and variables with p-valueResults: About 30.3% women were experienced sexual and psychological violence. Sexual violence (15.5%), and psychological violence (22.7%). Having alcohol drinker husband [(AOR=3.15, 95% CI: (1.92, 5.18)], undesired pregnancy by husband [(AOR=3.68, 95% CI: (1.54, 8.78)], having another wife [(AOR=4.87, 95% CI: (2.07, 11.5)], unplanned pregnancy [(AOR=3.46, 95% CI: (1.51, 7.95)], low decision making capacity of women [(AOR=2.99, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.82)] and having medium economic status [AOR=0.53, 95% CI: (0.31, 0.92)] were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Near to one –third of pregnant women experienced sexual and psychological violence during a recent pregnancy. Strengthening women's, empowerment and encouraging inter-spousal communication to enhance relationships, and to make join reproductive decisions are crucial to reducing violence during pregnancy.},
 year = {2020}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Sexual and Psychological Violence Among Pregnant Women in Tigray, Ethiopia
AU  - Girmay Adhena
AU  - Lemessa Oljira
Y1  - 2020/11/04
PY  - 2020
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
T2  - American Journal of Health Research
JF  - American Journal of Health Research
JO  - American Journal of Health Research
SP  - 96
EP  - 101
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2330-8796
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajhr.20200806.11
AB  - Background: Violence against women is a global concern and it is high in Africa particularly in Ethiopia. However, the attention given to this issue is less. This study aimed to assess sexual and psychological violence among pregnant women in Tigray, Ethiopia. Methods: Institutional based cross-sectional survey was done among 476 pregnants. Study participants were selected using a systematic random sampling technique. Pretested, structured, and interview was done using a standardized questioner. Logistic regression analyses (bivariable and multivariable) were done to identify associated factors. The odds ratio of 95% was used to show the strength and variables with p-valueResults: About 30.3% women were experienced sexual and psychological violence. Sexual violence (15.5%), and psychological violence (22.7%). Having alcohol drinker husband [(AOR=3.15, 95% CI: (1.92, 5.18)], undesired pregnancy by husband [(AOR=3.68, 95% CI: (1.54, 8.78)], having another wife [(AOR=4.87, 95% CI: (2.07, 11.5)], unplanned pregnancy [(AOR=3.46, 95% CI: (1.51, 7.95)], low decision making capacity of women [(AOR=2.99, 95% CI: (1.85, 4.82)] and having medium economic status [AOR=0.53, 95% CI: (0.31, 0.92)] were significantly associated factors. Conclusion: Near to one –third of pregnant women experienced sexual and psychological violence during a recent pregnancy. Strengthening women's, empowerment and encouraging inter-spousal communication to enhance relationships, and to make join reproductive decisions are crucial to reducing violence during pregnancy.
VL  - 8
IS  - 6
ER  -

Copy | Download