The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy; Kirill V. Maklakov

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy, Kirill V. Maklakov

Published in American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 1, Issue 2)

Published: 10 April 2013

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Abstract

The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.

Published in	American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 1, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
Page(s)	43-48
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2013. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Population density; Diversity; Time Budget, Energy Budget

References

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[2]	Dol'nik V.R. (1982). Methods of time and energy budgets study. In: Time and energy budgets in free-living birds Ed. V.R. Dol'nik Zoologicheskii Institut AN SSSR, Leningrad, pp. 3-37 (in Russian).
[3]	Holling C.S. (1965). The functional response of predators to prey density and its role in mimicry and population regulation. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Canada, 45, 1-60.
[4]	Houston A.I. and McNamara J. (1990). The effect of envi-ronmental variability on growth. -Oikos , 59, 15-20.
[5]	Gilliam J.F. and Frazer D.F. 1987. Habitat selection under predation hazard: test of a model with foraging minnows. Ecology, 68, 1856-1862.
[6]	Korytin N.S., Benenson I.E., Bolshakov V.N., and Kryaz-himskii F.V. 1992. A rational strategy of exploration of red fox populations with multiple equilibrium states. Trans. Congr. Int. Union Game Biol. , 18, 551-554.
[7]	Le Boulenge E. (1977). Influence of social factors on the metabolism of laboratory mice. - Bull. Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol., 25, 591-595.
[8]	McNamara J.M. and Houston A.I. (1987). A general frame-work for understanding the effects of variability and inter-ruptions inforaging behaviour. Acta Biotheoretica, 36, 3-22.
[9]	Mangel M. and Clark C.W. (1986). Towards a unified foraging theory. Ecology, 67, 1127-1138.
[10]	Myrcha A., Szwykowska M.M. (1969). Interrelations between dominance in the population and the level of metabolism in white mice males. Bull.Acad. Polon. Sci., Ser. Sci. Biol. 17, 599-601.
[11]	Pyke G.H. (1984). Optimal foraging theory: a critical review. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. 15, 523-575.
[12]	Stephens D.W. and Krebs J.R. (1986). Foraging Theory. Princeton Univ. Press. Princeton.
[13]	Weiner J. (1989). Metabolic constraints to mammalian energy budgets. Acta theriol. 34, 3-35.

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Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy, Kirill V. Maklakov. (2013). The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. American Journal of Life Sciences, 1(2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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ACS Style

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy; Kirill V. Maklakov. The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. Am. J. Life Sci. 2013, 1(2), 43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy, Kirill V. Maklakov. The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. Am J Life Sci. 2013;1(2):43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14,
  author = {Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy and Kirill V. Maklakov},
  title = {The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20130102.14},
  abstract = {The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.},
 year = {2013}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals
AU  - Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy
AU  - Kirill V. Maklakov
Y1  - 2013/04/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 43
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
AB  - The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.
VL  - 1
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy

Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS, 202, 8 Marta, Ekaterinburg, Russia
Kirill V. Maklakov

Institute of Plant & Animal Ecology, Ural Branch of RAS, 202, 8 Marta, Ekaterinburg, Russia

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APA Style

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy, Kirill V. Maklakov. (2013). The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. American Journal of Life Sciences, 1(2), 43-48. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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ACS Style

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy; Kirill V. Maklakov. The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. Am. J. Life Sci. 2013, 1(2), 43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

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AMA Style

Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy, Kirill V. Maklakov. The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals. Am J Life Sci. 2013;1(2):43-48. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14,
  author = {Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy and Kirill V. Maklakov},
  title = {The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals},
  journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
  volume = {1},
  number = {2},
  pages = {43-48},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20130102.14},
  abstract = {The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.},
 year = {2013}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - The Effects of Population Density and Individual Diversity on Time and Energy Budgets of Animals
AU  - Feodor V. Kryazhimskiy
AU  - Kirill V. Maklakov
Y1  - 2013/04/10
PY  - 2013
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
DO  - 10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
T2  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JF  - American Journal of Life Sciences
JO  - American Journal of Life Sciences
SP  - 43
EP  - 48
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2328-5737
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20130102.14
AB  - The effects of animal density, spatial heterogeneity, and diversity in individual responses to population density on daily time and energy budgets were studied by means of a simple time-energy model. The cost of interactions between individuals was expressed as a reduction of the time that an animal may spend for feeding and other activities. The value of daily production rate would decrease with the increase in density and/or in food availability. In this case, production rate would be a convex function of population density as well as of individual tolerance to the presence of other animals and the size of individual range. Therefore, under unfavourable conditions (high mean density and/or low mean food availability) both spatial heterogeneity and diversity in individual responses to the presence of neighbouring animals would lead to an increase in the mean production rate.
VL  - 1
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download