The growth and development of plants depend on nitrogen. Cereal crop development is greatly influenced by soil nitrogen content, and tropical soils have low nitrogen contents. Organic waste can trap nitrogen in the soil, making it unavailable to plants. On the other hand, low-input farming refers to systems that are maintained with less inputs, leading to a stressed system, typically caused by a scarcity of nitrogen and phosphate or a lack of water, which results in output losses. It is frequently related to and used as a synonym for organic farming in developed nations. A tolerant plant can no longer fend off or control the spread of a disease after it has taken hold. Finding ways to increase food production is therefore urgently needed, especially in the world's poorest areas. In contemporary improvement attempts, genotypic selection based on higher yield performance is typically carried out under optimal circumstances for each type of stress. To address these situations, breeding curricula that look at potential low-yielding varieties must be created. In these curricula, varieties with better stress tolerances such as delayed leaf senescence, improved nutrient economy, local environmental fitness, consistent yield, and disease resistance are chosen, increasing the sustainability of low-input systems. As a result, researchers from all around the world are putting in a lot of effort to create improved varieties and hybrids. Crop cultivars that are abiotic and biotic-tolerant can be created through introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation techniques. Pedigree, modified bulk pedigree, and another culture method were used to produce a cultivar that can withstand salinity. In order to create superior genotypes by conventional breeding or biotechnological methods, a geneticist must comprehend the genetic foundation of biotic and a biotic tolerance in crop plants. Breeders must continuously update their knowledge and abilities to keep current due to the quick advancements in crop science and genetic technologies.
| Published in | American Journal of Life Sciences (Volume 10, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12 |
| Page(s) | 58-71 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Nitrogen, Organic, Economy, Performance
| [1] | Abay, F.; Bjorn tad, A. Specific adaptation of barley varieties in different locations in Ethiopia. Euphytica 2009, 167, 181-195. |
| [2] | Alam, A. K. M. M., Ahmed, S., Begum, M. And Sultan, M. K. (2008). Heterosis and Combining. |
| [3] | Ali, A. J., Xu, J. L., Ismail, A. M., Fu, B. Y., Vijayakumar, C. H. M., Gao, Y. M., Domingo, J., Maghirang, R., Yu, S. B., Gregorio, G., Yanaghihara, S., Cohen, M., Carmen, B., Mackill, D. and Li, Z. K., 2006. Hidden diversity for abiotic and biotic stress tolerances in the primary gene pool of rice revealed by a large backcross breeding program. Field Crops Res., 97: 66–76. |
| [4] | Andersen, J. R. and Lübberstedt, T., 2003. Functional markers in plants. Trends in plant science, 8 (11), pp. 554-560. |
| [5] | Andrews, R. W., Pollard, A. and Pearce, J. M., 2013. The effects of snowfall on solar photovoltaic performance. Solar Energy, 92, pp. 84-97. |
| [6] | Ashraf, M. and McNeilly, T., 1988. Variability in salt tolerance of nine spring wheat cultivars. Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science, 160 (1), pp. 14-21. |
| [7] | Atkinson, J. A., L. U. Wingen, M. Griffiths, M. P. Pound, O. Gaju, M. J. Foulkes, J. Le Gouis, S. Griffiths, M. J. Bennett, J. King, and D. M. Wells, 2015: Phenotyping pipeline reveals major seedling root growth QTL in hexaploid wheat. J. Exp. Bot. 66, 2283—2292. |
| [8] | Badu-Apraku, B., Fakorede, M. A. B., Oyekunle, M. And Akinwale, R. O. (2011b). Selection and exploitation of heterosis in crops. An International Symposium, Mexico. Pp 11. |
| [9] | Badu-Apraku, B., Oyekunle, M., Fakorede, M. A. B., Vroh, I., O Akinwale, R. and Aderounmu, M., 2013. Combining ability, heterotic patterns and genetic diversity of extra-early yellow inbreds under contrasting environments. Euphytica, 192 (3), pp. 413-433. |
| [10] | Baenziger, M. And Lafitte, H. R. (1997). Efficiency of secondary traits for improving maize for low-nitrogen target environments. Crop Science 37: 1110–1117. |
| [11] | Baker, H. G., Opler, P. A. and Baker, I., 1978. A comparison of the amino acid complements of floral and extra floral nectars. Botanical Gazette, 139 (3), pp. 322-332. |
| [12] | Banziger, M. and Diallo, A. O., 2004. Progress in developing drought and N stress tolerant maize cultivars for eastern and southern Africa. In Integrated approaches to higher maize productivity in the new millennium. Proceedings of the 7th eastern and southern Africa regional maize conference, CIMMYT/KARI, Nairobi, Kenya (pp. 189-194). |
| [13] | Bänziger, M., Betrán, F. J. and Lafitte, H. R., 1997. Efficiency of high-nitrogen selection environments for improving maize for low-nitrogen target environments. Crop Science, 37 (4), pp. 1103-1109. |
| [14] | Edmeades, G. O., Bolaños, J., Chapman, S. C., Lafitte, H. R. and Bänziger, M., 1999. Selection improves drought tolerance in tropical maize populations: I. Gains in biomass, grain yield, and harvest index. Crop science, 39 (5), pp. 1306-1315. |
| [15] | Bänziger, M. and Long, J., 2000. The potential for increasing the iron and zinc density of maize through plant-breeding. Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 21 (4), pp. 397-400. |
| [16] | Barraclough, P. B., Lopez-Bellido, R. and Hawkesford, M. J., 2014. Genotypic variation in the uptake, partitioning and remobilization of nitrogen during grain-filling in wheat. Field Crops Research, 156, pp. 242-248. |
| [17] | Beatty, I. D. and Gerace, W. J., 2009. Technology-enhanced formative assessment: A research-based pedagogy for teaching science with classroom response technology. Journal of Science Education and Technology, 18 (2), pp. 146-162. |
| [18] | Hemmerle, H., Burger, H. J., Below, P., Schubert, G., Rippel, R., Schindler, P. W., Paulus, E. and Herling, A. W., 1997. Chlorogenic acid and synthetic chlorogenic acid derivatives: novel inhibitors of hepatic glucose-6-phosphate translocase. Journal of medicinal chemistry, 40 (2), pp. 137-145. |
| [19] | Betrán, F. J., Ribaut, J. M., Beck, D. and De León, D. G., 2003. Genetic diversity, specific combining ability, and heterosis in tropical maize under stress and nonstress environments. Crop Science, 43 (3), pp. 797-806. |
| [20] | Beyene, Y., Katoh, S., WoldeGabriel, G., Hart, W. K., Uto, K., Sudo, M., Kondo, M., Hyodo, M., Renne, P. R., Suwa, G. and Asfaw, B., 2013. The characteristics and chronology of the earliest Acheulean at Konso, Ethiopia. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110 (5), pp. 1584-1591. |
| [21] | Bharath, S. T., Jayaraman, S. and Nagar, V., 2013. Exit as governance: An empirical analysis. The Journal of Finance, 68 (6), pp. 2515-2547. |
| [22] | Blum, L. and Stell, G., 1979. Polydisperse systems. I. Scattering function for polydisperse fluids of hard or permeable spheres. The Journal of Chemical Physics, 71 (1), pp. 42-46. |
| [23] | Cañas, A. I. and Camarero, S., 2010. Laccases and their natural mediators: biotechnological tools for sustainable eco-friendly processes. Biotechnology advances, 28 (6), pp. 694-705. |
| [24] | Berry, P., Foulkes, J., Carvalho, P., Teakle, G., White, P., White, C. and Roques, S., 2011. Breeding oilseed rape with a low requirement for nitrogen fertiliser. HGCA Project Report, (479). |
| [25] | Chang, M. M., Leeman, S. E. and NIALL, H. D., 1971. Amino-acid sequence of substance P. Nature New Biology, 232 (29), pp. 86-87. |
| [26] | Craswell, E. T. and Godwin, D. C., 1984. The efficiency of nitrogen fertilizers applied to cereals in different climates. Advances in plant nutrition (USA). |
| [27] | Cui, J., Chi, X. Z., Ding, H. T., Lin, L. T., Yang, Z. C. and Yan, G. Z., 2009. Transient response and stability of the AGC-PI closed-loop controlled MEMS vibratory gyroscopes. Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 19 (12), p. 125015. |
| [28] | Dawson, J. C., Huggins, D. R. and Jones, S. S., 2008. Characterizing nitrogen use efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems to improve the performance of cereal crops in low-input and organic agricultural systems. Field Crops Research, 107 (2), pp. 89-101. |
| [29] | De Fraiture, C., Molden, D. and Wichelns, D., 2010. Investing in water for food, ecosystems, and livelihoods: An overview of the comprehensive assessment of water management in agriculture. Agricultural Water Management, 97 (4), pp. 495-501. |
| [30] | Derera, J., Tongoona, P., Vivek, B. S. and Laing, M. D., 2008. Gene action controlling grain yield and secondary traits in southern African maize hybrids under drought and non-drought environments. Euphytica, 162 (3), pp. 411-422. |
| [31] | Dewey, O. R., Hartley, G. S. and MacLauchlan, J. W. G., 1962. External leaf waxes and their modification by root-treatment of plants with trichloroacetate. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B. Biological Sciences, 155 (961), pp. 532-550. |
| [32] | Meena, H. P., Bainsla, N. K. and Yadav, D. K., 2016. Breeding for abiotic stress tolerance in crop plants. Recent advances in plant stress physiology. Daya Publishing House, New Delhi, pp. 329-378. |
| [33] | Raju, P. S., Clark, R. B., Ellis, J. R., Duncan, R. R. and Maranville, J. W., 1990. Benefit and cost analysis and phosphorus efficiency of VA mycorrhizal fungi colonizations with sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes grown at varied phosphorus levels. In Plant Nutrition—Physiology and Applications (pp. 165-170). Springer, Dordrecht. |
| [34] | Duvick, D. N., 1997. What is yield. Developing drought and low N-tolerant maize. CIMMYT, El Batan, Mexico, pp. 332-335. |
| [35] | Wheeler, D. M., Edmeades, D. C., Christie, R. A. and Gardner, R., 1992. Effect of aluminium on the growth of 34 plant species: a summary of results obtained in low ionic strength solution culture. Plant and Soil, 146 (1), pp. 61-66. |
| [36] | Fageria, N. K., Baligar, V. C. and Zobel, R. W., 2007. Yield, nutrient uptake, and soil chemical properties as influenced by liming and boron application in common bean in a no‐tillage system. Communications in soil science and plant analysis, 38 (11-12), pp. 1637-1653. |
| [37] | Hill, W. G. and Mackay, T. F., 2004. DS Falconer and Introduction to quantitative genetics. Genetics, 167 (4), pp. 1529-1536. |
| [38] | Cheverud, J. M., 1984. Quantitative genetics and developmental constraints on evolution by selection. Journal of theoretical biology, 110 (2), pp. 155-171. |
| [39] | Fess, T. L., Kotcon, J. B. and Benedito, V. A., 2011. Crop breeding for low input agriculture: a sustainable response to feed a growing world population. Sustainability, 3 (10), pp. 1742-1772. |
| [40] | Fisher, S. S., McGreevy, M., Humphries, J. and Robinett, W., 1987, January. Virtual environment display system. In Proceedings of the 1986 workshop on Interactive 3D graphics (pp. 77-87). |
| [41] | Foulkes, M. J., Hawkesford, M. J., Barraclough, P. B., Holdsworth, M. J., Kerr, S., Kightley, S. and Shewry, P. R., 2009. Identifying traits to improve the nitrogen economy of wheat: Recent advances and future prospects. Field Crops Research, 114 (3), pp. 329-342. |
| [42] | Gaju, O., Allard, V., Martre, P., Le Gouis, J., Moreau, D., Bogard, M., Hubbart, S. and Foulkes, M. J., 2014. Nitrogen partitioning and remobilization in relation to leaf senescence, grain yield and grain nitrogen concentration in wheat cultivars. Field Crops Research, 155, pp. 213-223. |
| [43] | Gallais, A. and Hirel, B., 2004. An approach to the genetics of nitrogen use efficiency in maize. Journal of experimental botany, 55 (396), pp. 295-306. |
| [44] | Gethi, J. G. and Smith, M. E., 2004. Genetic responses of single crosses of maize to Striga hermonthica (Del.) Benth. and Striga asiatica (L.) Kuntze. Crop science, 44 (6), pp. 2068-2077. |
| [45] | Godfray, H. C. J., Beddington, J. R., Crute, I. R., Haddad, L., Lawrence, D., Muir, J. F., Pretty, J., Robinson, S., Thomas, S. M. and Toulmin, C., 2010. Food security: the challenge of feeding 9 billion people. science, 327 (5967), pp. 812-818. |
| [46] | Pradheep, K., Gomez, S. M. and Kalamani, A., 2003. Possibilities of Broadening the Plant Wealth of Horticulture from Existing. Asian Journal of Plant Science, 2 (9), pp. 719-730. |
| [47] | Good, A. G., Shrawat, A. K. and Muench, D. G., 2004. Can less yield more? Is reducing nutrient input into the environment compatible with maintaining crop production? Trends in plant science, 9 (12), pp. 597-605. |
| [48] | Goodnight, T. M., 1997. Perceptions and attitudes of selected swine producers and non-swine producers concerning certain social and environmental issues (Doctoral dissertation, Oklahoma State University). |
| [49] | Gregorio, G. B. and Senadhira, D., 1993. Genetic analysis of salinity tolerance in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Theoretical and applied Genetics, 86 (2), pp. 333-338. |
| [50] | Griffing, B. R. U. C. E., 1956. Concept of general and specific combining ability in relation to diallel crossing systems. Australian journal of biological sciences, 9 (4), pp. 463-493. |
| [51] | Guei, R. G. and Wassom, C. E., 1992. Inheritance of some drought adaptive traits in maize. I: Interrelationships between yield, flowering, and ears per plant. Maydica, 37 (2), pp. 157-164. |
| [52] | Waddell, J. T., Gupta, S. C., Moncrief, J. F., Rosen, C. J. and Steele, D. D., 1999. Irrigation and nitrogen management effects on potato yield, tuber quality, and nitrogen uptake. Agronomy Journal, 91 (6), pp. 991-997. |
| [53] | Purba, J., Sharma, R. K., Jat, M. L., Thind, H. S., Gupta, R. K., Chaudhary, O. P., Chandna, P., Khurana, H. S., Kumar, A., Uppal, H. S. and Uppal, R. K., 2015. Site-specific fertilizer nitrogen management in irrigated transplanted rice (Oryza sativa) using an optical sensor. Precision Agriculture, 16 (4), pp. 455-475. |
| [54] | Hallauer, A. R., Russell, W. A. and Lamkey, K. R., 1988. Corn breeding. Corn and corn improvement, 18, pp. 463-564. |
| [55] | Kopke, U., Athmann, M., Han, E. and Kautz, T., 2015. Optimising cropping techniques for nutrient and environmental management in organic agriculture. Sustainable Agriculture Research, 4 (526-2016-37934). |
| [56] | Bruun, S., Luxhøi, J., Magid, J., de Neergaard, A. and Jensen, L. S., 2006. A nitrogen mineralization model based on relationships for gross mineralization and immobilization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, 38 (9), pp. 2712-2721. |
| [57] | Hochholdinger, F., and R. Tuberosa, 2009: Genetic and genomic dissection of maize root development and architecture. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 12, 172—177. |
| [58] | Cai, C., Hu, S., Guo, J., Shi, Y., Xie, G. J. and Yuan, Z., 2015. Nitrate reduction by denitrifying anaerobic methane oxidizing microorganisms can reach a practically useful rate. Water Research, 87, pp. 211-217. |
| [59] | Huggins, D. R. and Pan, W. L., 2003. Key indicators for assessing nitrogen use efficiency in cereal-based agroecosystems. Journal of crop production, 8 (1-2), pp. 157-185. |
| [60] | Ju XT, Xing GX, Chen XP, Zhang SL, Zhang LJ, Liu XJ, Cui ZL, Christie P, Zhang FS (2009) Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106: 3041–3046. |
| [61] | Ju, C., Buresh, R. J., Wang, Z., Zhang, H., Liu, L., Yang, J., et al. (2015). Root and shoot traits for rice varieties with higher grain yield and higher nitrogen use efficiency at lower nitrogen rates application. Field Crops Res. 175, 47–55. doi: 10.1016/j.fcr.2015.02.007. |
| [62] | Kamoshita, A., Rodriguez, R., Yamauchi, A. and Wade, L., 2004. Genotypic variation in response of rainfed lowland rice to prolonged drought and rewatering. Plant Production Science, 7 (4), pp. 406-420. |
| [63] | Kanbar, A., Toorchi, M. and Shashidhar, H., 2009. Relationship between root and yield morphological characters in rainfed low land rice (Oryza sativa L.). Cereal Research Communications, 37 (2), pp. 261-268. |
| [64] | Kempthorne, O., 1957. An introduction to genetic statistics. |
| [65] | Kochian, L. V., 2012. Rooting for more phosphorus. Nature, 488 (7412), pp. 466-467. |
| [66] | Thind, H. S., Kumar, A., Gupta, R. K., Kaul, A. and Vashistha, M., 2012. Fixed-time adjustable dose site-specific fertilizer nitrogen management in transplanted irrigated rice (Oryza sativa L.) in South Asia. Field Crops Research, 126, pp. 63-69. |
| [67] | Lafitte, H. R. and Edmeades, G. O., 1994. Improvement for tolerance to low soil nitrogen in tropical maize I. Selection criteria. Field Crops Research, 39 (1), pp. 1-14. |
| [68] | Lam, H. M., Wong, P., Chan, H. K., Yam, K. M., Chen, L., Chow, C. M. and Coruzzi, G. M., 2003. Overexpression of the ASN1 gene enhances nitrogen status in seeds of Arabidopsis. Plant physiology, 132 (2), pp. 926-935. |
| [69] | Hardgrove, S. J. and Livesley, S. J., 2016. Applying spent coffee grounds directly to urban agriculture soils greatly reduces plant growth. Urban forestry & urban greening, 18, pp. 1-8. |
| [70] | Lian, X., Xing, Y., Yan, H., Xu, C., Li, X. and Zhang, Q., 2005. QTLs for low nitrogen tolerance at seedling stage identified using a recombinant inbred line population derived from an elite rice hybrid. Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 112 (1), pp. 85-96. |
| [71] | Gilbody, S., Lewis, S. and Lightfoot, T., 2007. Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) genetic polymorphisms and psychiatric disorders: a HuGE review. American journal of epidemiology, 165 (1), pp. 1-13. |
| [72] | Liu, M., Liu, R. and Chen, W., 2013. Graphene wrapped Cu2O nanocubes: non-enzymatic electrochemical sensors for the detection of glucose and hydrogen peroxide with enhanced stability. Biosensors and Bioelectronics, 45, pp. 206-212. |
| [73] | Maiti, R. K., Amaya, L. E. D., Cardona, S. I., Dimas, A. M. O., de la rosaibarra, M. And Castillo, H. D., 1996. Genotypic variability in maize cultivars (Zea mays L.) For resistance to drought and salinity at the seedling stage. Journal of Plant Physiology, 148: 741-744. |
| [74] | Maiti, R. K., dela Rosa-Ibarra, M. And Sandoval, N. D., 1994. Genotypic variability in glossy sorghum lines for resistance to drought, salinity and temperature stress at the seedling stage. Journal of Plant Physiology, 143: 211-244. |
| [75] | Makumbi, D., Betrán, J. F., Bänziger, M. and Ribaut, J. M., 2011. Combining ability, heterosis and genetic diversity in tropical maize (Zea mays L.) under stress and non-stress conditions. Euphytica, 180 (2), pp. 143-162. |
| [76] | Mallik, S., 1995. Rice germplasm evaluation and improvement for stagnant flooding. KT, editor. Rainfed lowland rice: agricultural research for high-risk environments, Manila (Philip pines): International Rice Research Institute. p 97-109. |
| [77] | Mallik, S., Mandal, B. K., Sen, S. N. and Sarkarung, S., 2002. Shuttle Breeding: an effective tool for rice varietal improvement in rainfed lowland ecosystem in eastern India. Curr. Sci., 83 (9): 1097-1102. |
| [78] | Manavalan, L. K., T. Musket, and H. T. Nguyen, 2011: Natural genetic variation for root traits among diversity lines of maize (Zea mays L.). Maydica 56, 1-10. |
| [79] | Manske, G. G. B., I. J. Ortoz-Monasterio, and P. L. G. Vlek. 2001. Techniques for measuring genetic diversity in roots. p. 208–218. In: M. P. Reynolds, J. I. Ortiz-Monastoio, and A. MacNab (eds), Application of physiology in wheat breeding. CIMMYT, Mexico, DF. |
| [80] | Masclaux-Daubresse, C., Reisdorf-Cren, M., Pageau, K., Lelandais, M., Grandjean, O., Kronenberger, J., Valadier, M. H., Feraud, M., Jouglet, T. and Suzuki, A., 2006. Glutamine synthetase-glutamate synthase pathway and glutamate dehydrogenase play distinct roles in the sink-source nitrogen cycle in tobacco. Plant physiology, 140 (2), pp. 444-456. |
| [81] | Masclaux-Daubresse, C., Daniel-Vedele, F., Dechorgnat, J., Chardon, F., Gaufichon, L. and Suzuki, A., 2010. Nitrogen uptake, assimilation and remobilization in plants: challenges for sustainable and productive agriculture. Annals of botany, 105 (7), pp. 1141-1157. |
| [82] | Meseka, S. K., Menkir, A. And Ibrahim, A. E. S. (2006). Genetic analysis of performance of Nitrogen use in maize. Pp. 316-319. |
| [83] | Muellner, A. E., Mascher, F., Schneider, D., Ittu, G., Toncea, I., Rolland, B. and Löschenberger, F., 2014. Refining breeding methods for organic and low-input agriculture: analysis of an international winter wheat ring test. Euphytica, 199 (1), pp. 81-95. |
| [84] | Murphy, K., Lammer, D., Lyon, S., Carter, B. and Jones, S. S., 2005. Breeding for organic and low-input farming systems: An evolutionary–participatory breeding method for inbred cereal grains. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 20 (1), pp. 48-55. |
| [85] | Murphy, K. M., Campbell, K. G., Lyon, S. R. and Jones, S. S., 2007. Evidence of varietal adaptation to organic farming systems. Field Crops Research, 102 (3), pp. 172-177. |
| [86] | Obara, M., W. Tamura, T. Ebitani, M. Yano, T. Sato and T. Yamaya. 2010. Fine mapping of qrl6. 1, a major QTL for root length of rice seedlings grown under a wide range of NH4+ concentrations in hydroponic conditions. Theor. Appl. Genet., 21: 535-547. |
| [87] | Obara, M., T. Takeda, T. Hayakawa and T. Yamaya. 2011. Mapping quantitative trait loci controlling root length in rice seedlings grown with low or sufficient supply using backcross recombinant lines derived from a cross between Oryza sativa L. And Oryza glaberrima Steud. Soil Sci. And Plant Nutr., 57: 80-92. |
| [88] | Ogawa, S., M. O. Valencia, M. Ishitani and M. G. Selvaraj. 2014. Root system architecture variation in response to different NH4+ concentrations and its association with nitrogen deficient tolerance traits in rice. Acta Phys. Plantarum., 36: 2361-2372. |
| [89] | Paez-Garcia, A., Motes, C. M., Scheible, W. R., Chen, R., Blancaflor, E. B. and Monteros, M. J., 2015. Root traits and phenotyping strategies for plant improvement. Plants, 4 (2), pp. 334-355. |
| [90] | Paroda, R. S. and Arora, R. K., 1986. and their Conservation: Indian Perspective. Conservation for Productive Agriculture: Commemorative Volume Released on the Eightieth Birthday of Dr. BP Pal, p. 73. |
| [91] | Quarrie, s. a., 1996. New molecular tools to improve the efficiency of breeding for increased drought resistance. Plant growth regulators, 20: 167-178. |
| [92] | Ramage, R. T., 1980. Genetic methods to breed salt tolerance in plants. In Genetic engineering of osmoregulation (pp. 311-318). Springer, Boston, MA. |
| [93] | Raun, W. R. and Johnson, G. V., 1999. Improving nitrogen use efficiency for cereal production. Agronomy journal, 91 (3), pp. 357-363. |
| [94] | Rebouillat, P., Vidal, R., Cravedi, J. P., Taupier-Letage, B., Debrauwer, L., Gamet-Payrastre, L., Touvier, M., Hercberg, S., Lairon, D., Baudry, J. and Kesse-Guyot, E., 2021. Estimated dietary pesticide exposure from plant-based foods using NMF-derived profiles in a large sample of French adults. European Journal of Nutrition, 60 (3), pp. 1475-1488. |
| [95] | Rengel, Z. And P. Marschner. 2005. Nutrient availability and management in the rhizosphere: exploiting genotypic differences. New Phytol., 168: 305-312. |
| [96] | Saito, R., Cranmer, B. K., Tessari, J. D., Larsson, L., Mehaffy, J. M., Keefe, T. J. and Reynolds, S. J., 2009. Recombinant factor C (rFC) assay and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis of endotoxin variability in four agricultural dusts. Annals of occupational hygiene, 53 (7), pp. 713-722. |
| [97] | Scharf, P. C., Schmidt, J. P., Kitchen, N. R., Sudduth, K. A., Hong, S. Y., Lory, J. A. and Davis, J. G., 2002. Remote sensing for nitrogen management. Journal of soil and water conservation, 57 (6), pp. 518-524. |
| [98] | Nobuhiro, T., Shimizu, A., Kabeya, N., Tsuboyama, Y., Kubota, T., Abe, T., Araki, M., Tamai, K., Chann, S. and Keth, N., 2007. Year-round observation of evapotranspiration in an evergreen broadleaf forest in Cambodia. In Forest environments in the Mekong river basin (pp. 75-86). Springer, Tokyo. |
| [99] | Shrawat, A. K., R. T. Carroll, M. DePauw, G. Taylor, and A. G. Good. 2008. Genetic engineering of improved nitrogen use efficiency in rice by the tissue specific expression of alanine amino transferase. Plant Biotechnol. J. 6: 722–732. |
| [100] | Shull, G. H. "Beginning of the heterosis concept in heterosis. lowa State." (1952): 419-428. |
| [101] | Singh, K. K., Talat, M. and Hasan, S. H., 2006. Removal of lead from aqueous solutions by agricultural waste maize bran. Bioresource Technology, 97 (16), pp. 2124-2130. |
| [102] | Singh, RK., Gregrio, G. B. and Ismail, A. M., 2008. Breeding rice varieties with tolerance to salt stress. J. Indian Soc. Coastal Agric. Res., 26 (1): 16-21. |
| [103] | Singh, B. D. (2003). Plant Breeding, Principles and Methods. Kalyani Publishers. New Delhi. |
| [104] | Smith, S. And I. D. Smet. 2012. Root system architecture: insights from Arabidopsis and cereal crops. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B. Biol. Sci., 367 (1595): 1441-1452. |
| [105] | Machikowa, T., Saetang, C. and Funpeng, K., 2011. General and specific combining ability for quantitative characters in sunflower. Journal of Agricultural Science, 3 (1), p. 91. |
| [106] | Sthapit, B., Rana, R., Eyzaguirre, P. and Jarvis, D., 2008. The value of plant genetic diversity to resource-poor farmers in Nepal and Vietnam. International journal of agricultural sustainability, 6 (2), pp. 148-166. |
| [107] | Song, Y., Sun, H., Li, M. and Zhang, Q., 2015. Technology application of smart spray in agriculture: A review. Intelligent Automation & Soft Computing, 21 (3), pp. 319-333. |
| [108] | Tamilarasi, P. M., Arumugachamy, S., Anantha, M. S. and Utharasu, S., 2010. Identification of nitrogen (N) stress tolerant maize (Zea mays L.) inbred lines for low nitrogen input condition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 44 (11), pp. 53-57. |
| [109] | Dublin, D. R. and Tanaka, N., 2014. Indigenous agricultural development for sustainability and “Satoyama”. Geography, Environment, Sustainability, 7 (2), pp. 86-95. |
| [110] | Tilman DG, Cassman KG, Matson PA, Naylor R, Polasky S (2002) Agricultural sustainability and intensive production practices. Nature 418: 671–677. |
| [111] | Tokatlidis IS, Koutroubas SD (2004) A review of maize hybrids’ dependence on high plant populations and its implications for crop yield stability. Field Crops Res 88: 103–114. |
| [112] | Trachsel, S., S. Kaeppler, K. Brown, and J. Lynch, 2011: Shovelomics: high throughput phenotyping of maize (Zea mays L.) root architecture in the field. Plant Soil 341, 75—87. |
| [113] | Tsai, W. T., Chang, C. Y. and Lee, S. L., 1998. A low cost adsorbent from agricultural waste corn cob by zinc chloride activation. Bioresource Technology, 64 (3), pp. 211-217. |
| [114] | Collins, N. C., Tardieu, F. and Tuberosa, R., 2008. Quantitative trait loci and crop performance under abiotic stress: where do we stand? Plant physiology, 147 (2), pp. 469-486. |
| [115] | Tuberosa, R., 2012. Phenotyping for drought tolerance of crops in the genomics era. Frontiers in physiology, 3, p. 347. |
| [116] | Wang, Q., Wang, Y., Wang, Q. and Liu, J., 2014. Impacts of 9 years of a new conservational agricultural management on soil organic carbon fractions. Soil and Tillage Research, 143, pp. 1-6. |
| [117] | Wasson, A.; Richards, R.; Chatrath, R.; Misra, S.; Prasad, S. S.; Rebetzke, G.; Kirkegaard, J.; Christopher, J.; Watt, M. Traits and selection strategies to improve root systems and water uptake in water-limited wheat crops. J. Exp. Bot. 2012, 63, 3485–3498. |
| [118] | Wasson, A. P., G. J. Rebetzke, J. A. Kirkegaard, J. Christopher, R. A. Richards, and M. Watt, 2014: Soil coring at multiple field environments can directly quantify variation in deep root traits to select wheat genotypes for breeding. J. Exp. Bot. 65, 6231—6249. |
| [119] | Watt, M.; Schneebeli, K.; Dong, P.; Wilson, I. W. The shoot and root growth of Brachypodium and its potential as a model for wheat and other cereal crops. Funct. Plant Biol. 2009, 36, 960–969. |
| [120] | Wolansky, M. A. 2005. Genetic manipulation of aspartate amino transferase levels in Brassica napus: Effects on nitrogen use efficiency. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Albert. |
| [121] | Wu, H., Zhang, Y., Yuan, Z. and Gao, L., 2016. A review of phosphorus management through the food system: identifying the roadmap to ecological agriculture. Journal of cleaner production, 114, pp. 45-54. |
| [122] | Xu, Y., R. Wang, Y. Tong, H. Zhao, Q. Xie, D. Liu, A. Zhang, B. Li, H. Xu, and D. An. 2014. Mapping QTLs for yield and nitrogen-related traits in wheat: Influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on QTL expression. Theor. Appl. Genet. 127: 59–72. |
| [123] | Yamaya T. M. Obara, H. Nakajima, S. Sasaki, T. Hayakawa, and T. Sato. 2002. Genetic manipulation and quantitative-trait loci mapping for nitrogen recycling in rice. J. Expt. Bot. 53: 917–25. |
| [124] | Yapi, A. M.; Kergna, A. O.; Debrah, S. K.; Sidibe, A.; Sanogo, O. Analysis of the Economic Impact of Sorghum and Millet Research in Mali; International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics: Andhra Pradesh, India, 2000. |
| [125] | Srivastava, R. B., Paroda, R. S., Sharma, S. C. and Yunus, M. D., 1989. Genetic variability and advance under four selection procedures in wheat pedigree breeding programme. Theoretical and applied genetics, 77 (4), pp. 516-520. |
| [126] | Zhan, A.; Lynch, J. P. Reduced frequency of lateral root branching improves N capture from Low-N soils in maize. J. Exp. Bot. 2015, doi: 10.1093/jxb/erv007. |
| [127] | Ju, X. T., Xing, G. X., Chen, X. P., Zhang, S. L., Zhang, L. J., Liu, X. J., Cui, Z. L., Yin, B., Christie, P., Zhu, Z. L. and Zhang, F. S., 2009. Reducing environmental risk by improving N management in intensive Chinese agricultural systems. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106 (9), pp. 3041-3046. |
| [128] | Zhao, Y., Y. He, J. Sun, J. Zhang and Y. Zhan. 2018. Effects of nitrogen deficiency on physiology and growth of Fraxinus mand shurica. Pak. J. Bot., 50 (1): 179-187. |
| [129] | Restuccia, D., Yang, D. T. and Zhu, X., 2008. Agriculture and aggregate productivity: A quantitative cross-country analysis. Journal of monetary economics, 55 (2), pp. 234-250. |
| [130] | DoVale, J. C. and Fritsche-Neto, R., 2015. Root phenomics. In Phenomics (pp. 49-66). Springer, Cham. |
| [131] | Cartea, M. E., Francisco, M., Lema, M., Soengas, P. and Velasco, P., 2010. Resistance of cabbage (Brassica oleracea capitata group) crops to Mamestra brassicae. Journal of economic entomology, 103 (5), pp. 1866-1874. |
APA Style
Lemi Yadesa. (2022). Review on Breeding Cultivars for N-Low Stress Tolerance in Major Food Crops. American Journal of Life Sciences, 10(4), 58-71. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12
ACS Style
Lemi Yadesa. Review on Breeding Cultivars for N-Low Stress Tolerance in Major Food Crops. Am. J. Life Sci. 2022, 10(4), 58-71. doi: 10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12,
author = {Lemi Yadesa},
title = {Review on Breeding Cultivars for N-Low Stress Tolerance in Major Food Crops},
journal = {American Journal of Life Sciences},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {58-71},
doi = {10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ajls.20221004.12},
abstract = {The growth and development of plants depend on nitrogen. Cereal crop development is greatly influenced by soil nitrogen content, and tropical soils have low nitrogen contents. Organic waste can trap nitrogen in the soil, making it unavailable to plants. On the other hand, low-input farming refers to systems that are maintained with less inputs, leading to a stressed system, typically caused by a scarcity of nitrogen and phosphate or a lack of water, which results in output losses. It is frequently related to and used as a synonym for organic farming in developed nations. A tolerant plant can no longer fend off or control the spread of a disease after it has taken hold. Finding ways to increase food production is therefore urgently needed, especially in the world's poorest areas. In contemporary improvement attempts, genotypic selection based on higher yield performance is typically carried out under optimal circumstances for each type of stress. To address these situations, breeding curricula that look at potential low-yielding varieties must be created. In these curricula, varieties with better stress tolerances such as delayed leaf senescence, improved nutrient economy, local environmental fitness, consistent yield, and disease resistance are chosen, increasing the sustainability of low-input systems. As a result, researchers from all around the world are putting in a lot of effort to create improved varieties and hybrids. Crop cultivars that are abiotic and biotic-tolerant can be created through introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation techniques. Pedigree, modified bulk pedigree, and another culture method were used to produce a cultivar that can withstand salinity. In order to create superior genotypes by conventional breeding or biotechnological methods, a geneticist must comprehend the genetic foundation of biotic and a biotic tolerance in crop plants. Breeders must continuously update their knowledge and abilities to keep current due to the quick advancements in crop science and genetic technologies.},
year = {2022}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Review on Breeding Cultivars for N-Low Stress Tolerance in Major Food Crops AU - Lemi Yadesa Y1 - 2022/07/12 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12 DO - 10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12 T2 - American Journal of Life Sciences JF - American Journal of Life Sciences JO - American Journal of Life Sciences SP - 58 EP - 71 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2328-5737 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajls.20221004.12 AB - The growth and development of plants depend on nitrogen. Cereal crop development is greatly influenced by soil nitrogen content, and tropical soils have low nitrogen contents. Organic waste can trap nitrogen in the soil, making it unavailable to plants. On the other hand, low-input farming refers to systems that are maintained with less inputs, leading to a stressed system, typically caused by a scarcity of nitrogen and phosphate or a lack of water, which results in output losses. It is frequently related to and used as a synonym for organic farming in developed nations. A tolerant plant can no longer fend off or control the spread of a disease after it has taken hold. Finding ways to increase food production is therefore urgently needed, especially in the world's poorest areas. In contemporary improvement attempts, genotypic selection based on higher yield performance is typically carried out under optimal circumstances for each type of stress. To address these situations, breeding curricula that look at potential low-yielding varieties must be created. In these curricula, varieties with better stress tolerances such as delayed leaf senescence, improved nutrient economy, local environmental fitness, consistent yield, and disease resistance are chosen, increasing the sustainability of low-input systems. As a result, researchers from all around the world are putting in a lot of effort to create improved varieties and hybrids. Crop cultivars that are abiotic and biotic-tolerant can be created through introduction, selection, hybridization, and mutation techniques. Pedigree, modified bulk pedigree, and another culture method were used to produce a cultivar that can withstand salinity. In order to create superior genotypes by conventional breeding or biotechnological methods, a geneticist must comprehend the genetic foundation of biotic and a biotic tolerance in crop plants. Breeders must continuously update their knowledge and abilities to keep current due to the quick advancements in crop science and genetic technologies. VL - 10 IS - 4 ER -
Email: