Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin

Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou; Arouna Olouladé; Taohidi Alamou Lamidi; François-Xavier Fifatin; Guy Clarence Sêmassou

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

Research Article |

Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin

Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou^*, Arouna Olouladé, Taohidi Alamou Lamidi, François-Xavier Fifatin, Guy Clarence Sêmassou

Published in International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (Volume 13, Issue 1)

Received: 25 January 2024 Accepted: 5 February 2024 Published: 28 February 2024

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Abstract

The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.

Published in	International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering (Volume 13, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
Page(s)	14-20
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Standard, Electromagnetic Effects, Overhead Lines, High Voltage B, Cancer

References

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[2]	Montcho, S. A. Optimisation de la fiabilité, de la disponibilité et de la maintenabilité des réseaux de distribution Haute Tension: Application aux départs HTA de la Direction Régionale de l’Atlantique de la SBEE [Optimization of the reliability, availability and maintainability of High Voltage distribution networks: Application to HTA feeders of the Atlantic Regional Directorate of the SBEE]. Mémoire d’Ingénieur de conception, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, 2020.
[3]	London S.; Thomas D.; Bowman J.; Sobel E.; Cheng T.; and Peters J. Exposure to residential electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia. Am J Epidemiol. 1991, 134(9), pp. 923-37, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a116176
[4]	Lee, J. M. et al. Electrical and Biological Effects of Transmission Lines. U. S. Department of Energy, Bonneville Power Administration, Portland, Oregon, 1989, p. 107.
[5]	Barbier, P. P. Etude et Justification des Courants de Contact Induits par les Lignes à Haute Tension dans le Parc Résidentiel Belge et leurs Incidences sur la Population [Study and Justification of Contact Currents Induced by High Voltage Lines in the Belgian Residential Park and Their Impact on the Population]. Thèse de Doctorat, Université de Liège, 2014, p. 161.
[6]	ICNIRP Guidelines. Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time Varying Electric, Magnetic, and Electromagnetic Fields, up to 300GHz. Health Physics 99, 818, 2010.
[7]	Wertheimer, N.; Leeper, E. Electrical wiring configurations and childhood cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1979, 109, 273-284.
[8]	Vistnes, A.; Ramberg, G.; Bjornevik, L.; Tynes, T.; Haldorsen, T. Exposure of children to residential magnetic fields in Norway: is proximity to power lines an adequate predictor of exposure. Bioelectromagnetics. 1997, 18, 47-57.
[9]	McBride, M.; Gallagher, R.; Theriault, G.; Armstrong, B.; Tamaro, S.; Spinelli, J. Power frequency electric and magnetic fields and risk of childhood leukemia in Canada. American Journal of Epidemiology. 1999, 149, 831-842.
[10]	Schoenfeld, E.; Henderson, K.; O’Leary, E.; Grimson, R.; Kaune, W.; Leske, M. Magnetic field exposure assessment: a comparison of various methods. Bioelectromagnetics. 1999, 20, 487-496.
[11]	Gassmann, F.; Furrer, F. An isotropic broadband electric and magnetic field sensor for radiation hazard measurements. In IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility. 1993, pp. 105-109. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISEMC.1993.473769
[12]	IEEE Standard. Procedures for Measurement of Power Frequency Electric and Magnetic Fields from AC Power Lines. IEEE Std. 1994, p. 644. https://doi.org/10.1109/IEEESTD.2020.9068517
[13]	Greitans, M.; Hermanis, E.; Selivanovs, A. Sensor Based Diagnosis of Three-Phase Power Transmission Lines. Electronic and Electrical Engineering. 2009.
[14]	Bossavit, A. Electromagnétisme en vue de la modélisation [Electromagnetism for modeling]. Springer-Verlag, vol. 14, 1991.
[15]	Stratton, J. A. Electromagnetic Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1941, p. 437.
[16]	Adégbola, A. K. R. Développement d’un outil basé sur la méthode des éléments finis pour l’analyse de conformité électromagnétique des lignes électriques de transport [Development of a tool based on the finite element method for the electromagnetic compliance analysis of electrical transmission lines]. Thèse de Doctorat, Université d’Abomey-Calavi, Bénin, 2022, p. 185.
[17]	ARE. Rapport annuel sur le développement du réseau électrique au Bénin horizon 2025 [Annual report on the development of the electricity network in Benin by 2025]. 2020, p. 84.
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APA Style

Nounangnonhou, C. T., Olouladé, A., Lamidi, T. A., Fifatin, F., Sêmassou, G. C. (2024). Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 13(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

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ACS Style

Nounangnonhou, C. T.; Olouladé, A.; Lamidi, T. A.; Fifatin, F.; Sêmassou, G. C. Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. Int. J. Energy Power Eng. 2024, 13(1), 14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

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AMA Style

Nounangnonhou CT, Olouladé A, Lamidi TA, Fifatin F, Sêmassou GC. Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. Int J Energy Power Eng. 2024;13(1):14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12,
  author = {Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou and Arouna Olouladé and Taohidi Alamou Lamidi and François-Xavier Fifatin and Guy Clarence Sêmassou},
  title = {Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  abstract = {The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin
AU  - Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou
AU  - Arouna Olouladé
AU  - Taohidi Alamou Lamidi
AU  - François-Xavier Fifatin
AU  - Guy Clarence Sêmassou
Y1  - 2024/02/28
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
SP  - 14
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-960X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
AB  - The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.

VL  - 13
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou

Laboratory of Electrotechnics, Telecommunications and Applied Informatics (LETIA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin; Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mecanics (LEMA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

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Arouna Olouladé

Laboratory of Electrotechnics, Telecommunications and Applied Informatics (LETIA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Taohidi Alamou Lamidi

Laboratory of Electrotechnics, Telecommunications and Applied Informatics (LETIA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
François-Xavier Fifatin

Laboratory of Electrotechnics, Telecommunications and Applied Informatics (LETIA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin
Guy Clarence Sêmassou

Laboratory of Energetics and Applied Mecanics (LEMA), University of Abomey-Calavi, Cotonou, Benin

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APA Style

Nounangnonhou, C. T., Olouladé, A., Lamidi, T. A., Fifatin, F., Sêmassou, G. C. (2024). Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering, 13(1), 14-20. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

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ACS Style

Nounangnonhou, C. T.; Olouladé, A.; Lamidi, T. A.; Fifatin, F.; Sêmassou, G. C. Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. Int. J. Energy Power Eng. 2024, 13(1), 14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

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AMA Style

Nounangnonhou CT, Olouladé A, Lamidi TA, Fifatin F, Sêmassou GC. Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin. Int J Energy Power Eng. 2024;13(1):14-20. doi: 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12,
  author = {Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou and Arouna Olouladé and Taohidi Alamou Lamidi and François-Xavier Fifatin and Guy Clarence Sêmassou},
  title = {Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin},
  journal = {International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering},
  volume = {13},
  number = {1},
  pages = {14-20},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijepe.20241301.12},
  abstract = {The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Elaboration of Distance Standards Against the Electromagnetic Effects of High-Voltage B Overhead Lines in the Republic of Benin
AU  - Cossi Télesphore Nounangnonhou
AU  - Arouna Olouladé
AU  - Taohidi Alamou Lamidi
AU  - François-Xavier Fifatin
AU  - Guy Clarence Sêmassou
Y1  - 2024/02/28
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
T2  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
JF  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
JO  - International Journal of Energy and Power Engineering
SP  - 14
EP  - 20
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2326-960X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijepe.20241301.12
AB  - The high-voltage overhead lines used to transport electrical energy from production plants to distribution stations constitute a very important link in the chain of providing electrical energy to communities. However, they constitute potential sources of emission of electromagnetic waves whose impacts are harmful to human health (thermal electrical stimulation of tissues and in particular those of the brain causing different forms of cancer) if the safety distance between these lines and users is not respected. In recent years, Benin has experienced, in urban areas crossed by transport lines and particularly among populations living in the vicinity of these lines, an explosion in the rate of people suffering from cancer. This study is carried out not only to check whether the minimum distance according to the voltage levels of these lines is respected in order to ensure the safety of people living in their vicinity but also to develop a standard of minimum distances to be respected. By the numerical simulation method based on Maxwell's equations established in a supposedly empty medium, the Bio-Savart law and the Lorentz transformation, the model of wave intensity as a function of distances, is determined. The results obtained respectively give minimum safety distances of 15 meters, 20 meters and 36 meters for the 63 kV, 161 kV and 330 kV high voltage lines Category B. These distances are, by far, respected by the populations. Furthermore, the results clearly show that electric fields are more decisive in defining the minimum distances obtained.

VL  - 13
IS  - 1
ER  -

Copy | Download