Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler

Enobong Okon Inyang; Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga; Edidiong Okon Mkpa

doi:doi:10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler

Enobong Okon Inyang^*

, Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga, Edidiong Okon Mkpa

Published in International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology (Volume 10, Issue 3)

Received: 3 August 2024 Accepted: 26 August 2024 Published: 23 September 2024

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Abstract

In pavement construction and production of hot mix asphalt HMA, the use of industrial and agricultural waste has gained much relevance because of its economic and environmental benefits. This research examined the effects of palm kernel shell ash PKSA on the physical and volumetric properties of HMA modified with reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP. All preliminary test conducted on the modified asphalt mixture in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5 to 6.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The palm kernel shell ash was varied from 25% to 75% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 7.1kN was recorded at 5.5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength but good significance in material (virgin bitumen) when compared to the maximum stability of 6.9kN at 6% bitumen obtained from the control mix. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the palm kernel shell ash PKSA showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison was done between the control specimen and the modified specimen, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. In conclusion this study confirms that a blend of a 50% RAP and 50% virgin aggregates with 50% palm kernel shell ash PKSA as mineral filler at 5% bitumen content can improved strength performance of HMA, hence, the effect of PKSA as a mineral filler in HMA containing RAP is significant.

Published in	International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology (Volume 10, Issue 3)
DOI	10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
Page(s)	56-65
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Pavement, Asphalt, Bitumen, Stability

References

[1]	Mohammed, A A., Altlomate A., Al-Zarroug, M. A., Hussain, M. K., and Al-Ramash, S. S. 2019. Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt Containing Recycled Concrete Aggregate. 2nd Conference for Engineering Sciences and Technology. 1-12.
[2]	Remisova, E. 2015. Study Of Mineral Filler Effect on Asphalt Mixtures Properties. Bituminous Mixtures and Pavements, 49-53.
[3]	Arshad, A. K., Awang, H., Shaffie, E., Hashim, W. and Abd Rahman, Z. 2017. Performance Evaluation of Hot Mix Asphalt with Different Proportions of RAP Content. E3S Web of Conferences 1-8 Asphalt Institute. 2014. MS-2 Asphalt Mix Design Method (7 ed.). USA; Asphalt Institute.
[4]	Adedokun, S. I. and Osuolale, O. M. (2012), “Stabilization of Poor Lateritic Soils with palm kernel shell Ash”, International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT) Vol. 1 Issue 8, October – 2012.
[5]	Murana, A. A. and Sani, L., 2014. Partial Replacement of Cement with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as Filler in Asphalt Concrete Design. Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences 10 (2014), 30 – 40, Zaria, Kaduna state.
[6]	Sadeeq, J. A., Kaura, J. M., Joshua, O., & Rabilu, A. 2014. Recycling of Reclaimed Asphalt Ravement (RAP) with Rice Husk Ash (RHA)/Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) Blend as Filler. Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering, 159(3269), 1-9.
[7]	Adeala A. J., Olaoye, J. O., & Adeniji, A. A., 2020. Potential of Coconut Shell Ash as Partial Replacement of Ordinary Portland Cement in Concrete Production. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention. 9(1). 4753.
[8]	Hussain, A and Qiu Yanjun, 2013, Effect of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement on the Properties of Asphalt Binders. The 2nd International Conference on Rehabilitation and Maintenance in Civil Engineering. Procedia Engineering 54, pg 840–850.
[9]	FMPW&H. 2016. General Specifications (Roads and Bridges) Volume II. Abuja, Nigeria.
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[11]	ASTM C127-15. 2015. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[12]	ASTM C128-15. 2015. Standard Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity) and Absorption of Fine Aggregate. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[13]	ASTM C136/C136M-19. 2019. Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[14]	ASTM D113-17. 2017. Standard Test Method for Ductility of Asphalt Materials (Vol. 04.03). West Conshohocken, Philadelphia. PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[15]	ASTM D2042-15. 2015. Standard Test Method for Solubility of Asphalt Materials in Trichloroethylene. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[16]	ASTM D36/D36M-14. 2020. Standard Test Method for Softening Point of Bitumen (Ring-and-Ball Apparatus) (Vol. 04.04). West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[17]	ASTM D4402-15. 2015. Standard Test Method for Viscosity Determination of Asphalt at Elevated Temperatures Using a Rotational Viscometer. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[18]	ASTM D4791-19. 2019. Standard Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles, or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[19]	ASTM D5/D5M-20. 2020. Standard Test Method for Penetration of Bituminous Materials. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[20]	ASTM D6926-20. 2020. Standard Practice for Preparation of Asphalt Mixture Specimens Using Marshall Apparatus. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[21]	ASTM D70-18a 2018. Standard Test Method for Density of Semi-Solid Asphalt Binder (Pycnometer Method), West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[22]	ASTM D854 – 14 2014. Standard Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Water Pycnometer. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[23]	ASTM D92-18. 2018. Standard Test Method for Flash and Fire points by Cleveland Open Cup Tester (Vol. 05.01). West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[24]	ASTM E1621-13. 2013. Standard Guide for Elemental Analysis by Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry. West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[25]	ASTM E986-04. 2017, Standard Practice for Scanning Electron Microscope Beam Size Characterization, West Conshohocken, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International.
[26]	BS 812-110. 1990. Testing Aggregates. Methods for Determination of Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV). London, United Kingdom: British Standard Institution.
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[29]	Kumar, L., Pandey, K. K., and Khan, S. 2017. Use of Coconut Shell Ash as Aggregates. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Social Sciences. 7(2). 15-19.

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APA Style

Inyang, E. O., Usanga, I. N., Mkpa, E. O. (2024). Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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ACS Style

Inyang, E. O.; Usanga, I. N.; Mkpa, E. O. Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. Int. J. Transp. Eng. Technol. 2024, 10(3), 56-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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AMA Style

Inyang EO, Usanga IN, Mkpa EO. Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. Int J Transp Eng Technol. 2024;10(3):56-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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@article{10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12,
  author = {Enobong Okon Inyang and Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga and Edidiong Okon Mkpa},
  title = {Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler
},
  journal = {International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {56-65},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  abstract = {In pavement construction and production of hot mix asphalt HMA, the use of industrial and agricultural waste has gained much relevance because of its economic and environmental benefits. This research examined the effects of palm kernel shell ash PKSA on the physical and volumetric properties of HMA modified with reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP. All preliminary test conducted on the modified asphalt mixture in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5 to 6.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The palm kernel shell ash was varied from 25% to 75% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 7.1kN was recorded at 5.5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength but good significance in material (virgin bitumen) when compared to the maximum stability of 6.9kN at 6% bitumen obtained from the control mix. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the palm kernel shell ash PKSA showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison was done between the control specimen and the modified specimen, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. In conclusion this study confirms that a blend of a 50% RAP and 50% virgin aggregates with 50% palm kernel shell ash PKSA as mineral filler at 5% bitumen content can improved strength performance of HMA, hence, the effect of PKSA as a mineral filler in HMA containing RAP is significant.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler

AU  - Enobong Okon Inyang
AU  - Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga
AU  - Edidiong Okon Mkpa
Y1  - 2024/09/23
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
T2  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
SP  - 56
EP  - 65
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1751
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
AB  - In pavement construction and production of hot mix asphalt HMA, the use of industrial and agricultural waste has gained much relevance because of its economic and environmental benefits. This research examined the effects of palm kernel shell ash PKSA on the physical and volumetric properties of HMA modified with reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP. All preliminary test conducted on the modified asphalt mixture in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5 to 6.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The palm kernel shell ash was varied from 25% to 75% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 7.1kN was recorded at 5.5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength but good significance in material (virgin bitumen) when compared to the maximum stability of 6.9kN at 6% bitumen obtained from the control mix. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the palm kernel shell ash PKSA showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison was done between the control specimen and the modified specimen, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. In conclusion this study confirms that a blend of a 50% RAP and 50% virgin aggregates with 50% palm kernel shell ash PKSA as mineral filler at 5% bitumen content can improved strength performance of HMA, hence, the effect of PKSA as a mineral filler in HMA containing RAP is significant.

VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

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Author Information

Enobong Okon Inyang

Department of Civil Engineering, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria

Contact Email

http://orcid.org/0009-0001-5751-020X
Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga

Department of Civil Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria

Contact Email
Edidiong Okon Mkpa

Department of Civil Engineering, Akwa Ibom State Polytechnic, Ikot Osurua, Nigeria

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APA Style

Inyang, E. O., Usanga, I. N., Mkpa, E. O. (2024). Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology, 10(3), 56-65. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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ACS Style

Inyang, E. O.; Usanga, I. N.; Mkpa, E. O. Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. Int. J. Transp. Eng. Technol. 2024, 10(3), 56-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

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AMA Style

Inyang EO, Usanga IN, Mkpa EO. Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler. Int J Transp Eng Technol. 2024;10(3):56-65. doi: 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12

Copy | Download

@article{10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12,
  author = {Enobong Okon Inyang and Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga and Edidiong Okon Mkpa},
  title = {Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler
},
  journal = {International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology},
  volume = {10},
  number = {3},
  pages = {56-65},
  doi = {10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.ijtet.20241003.12},
  abstract = {In pavement construction and production of hot mix asphalt HMA, the use of industrial and agricultural waste has gained much relevance because of its economic and environmental benefits. This research examined the effects of palm kernel shell ash PKSA on the physical and volumetric properties of HMA modified with reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP. All preliminary test conducted on the modified asphalt mixture in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5 to 6.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The palm kernel shell ash was varied from 25% to 75% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 7.1kN was recorded at 5.5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength but good significance in material (virgin bitumen) when compared to the maximum stability of 6.9kN at 6% bitumen obtained from the control mix. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the palm kernel shell ash PKSA showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison was done between the control specimen and the modified specimen, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. In conclusion this study confirms that a blend of a 50% RAP and 50% virgin aggregates with 50% palm kernel shell ash PKSA as mineral filler at 5% bitumen content can improved strength performance of HMA, hence, the effect of PKSA as a mineral filler in HMA containing RAP is significant.
},
 year = {2024}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Micro-Structure Analysis and Mechanical Behaviour of Hot Mix Asphalt Modified with Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement Using Palm Kernel Shell Ash as Mineral Filler

AU  - Enobong Okon Inyang
AU  - Idorenyin Ndarake Usanga
AU  - Edidiong Okon Mkpa
Y1  - 2024/09/23
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
DO  - 10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
T2  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
JF  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
JO  - International Journal of Transportation Engineering and Technology
SP  - 56
EP  - 65
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2575-1751
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ijtet.20241003.12
AB  - In pavement construction and production of hot mix asphalt HMA, the use of industrial and agricultural waste has gained much relevance because of its economic and environmental benefits. This research examined the effects of palm kernel shell ash PKSA on the physical and volumetric properties of HMA modified with reclaimed asphalt pavement RAP. All preliminary test conducted on the modified asphalt mixture in accordance with relevant standards showed adequacy for use in production of HMA. Marshall method of mix design was adopted for the HMA production. The bitumen content was varied from 4.5 to 6.5% (at intervals of 0.5%). The palm kernel shell ash was varied from 25% to 75% (at interval of 25%). A maximum stability of 7.1kN was recorded at 5.5% bitumen content which is a little increment in strength but good significance in material (virgin bitumen) when compared to the maximum stability of 6.9kN at 6% bitumen obtained from the control mix. The microstructural analysis of the hot mix asphalt done on the palm kernel shell ash PKSA showed a rough surface texture needed in flexible pavement construction and when comparison was done between the control specimen and the modified specimen, it shows an improvement in the interlocking arrangement of aggregates resulting in a denser mixture for the modified hot mix asphalt. In conclusion this study confirms that a blend of a 50% RAP and 50% virgin aggregates with 50% palm kernel shell ash PKSA as mineral filler at 5% bitumen content can improved strength performance of HMA, hence, the effect of PKSA as a mineral filler in HMA containing RAP is significant.

VL  - 10
IS  - 3
ER  -

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