As millennials take over the workforce, there is a growing concern that generational differences will require adaptations in leadership requirements to ensure organization success. Nevertheless, emerging observations question the validity of generational differences in leadership. This qualitative paper uses semi-structured interviews with senior HR managers and young leaders to explore differences in their perceptions of the required leadership competencies for the 21st century. This paper shows that there are more similarities than differences between young leaders and senior HR managers. The research does not provide evidence to support published claims of generational differences. The research limitations of this paper lie in its reliance on the accounts of senior HR managers and young leaders working in profit-based organizations in developed countries. This paper will be helpful in designing leadership training and development programs, tailoring integration programs for new employees, and recruiting potential future leaders. It will also facilitate workshops for collaboration and team performance between younger and more experienced professionals. The study contributes additional knowledge to the field of leadership by providing a unique comparison between the views of young millennial leaders and senior HR managers on leadership competencies for the 21st century.
Published in | Journal of Human Resource Management (Volume 10, Issue 1) |
DOI | 10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12 |
Page(s) | 5-13 |
Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Leadership, 21st Century, Human Resource, Generations, Millennials
[1] | O'Connell, P. K. (2014). A simplified framework for 21st century leader development. The Leadership Quarterly, 25, 183-203. |
[2] | Davenport, T., Völpel, S. (2001). The rise of knowledge towards attention Management. Journal of Knowledge Management, 5, 212-222. |
[3] | Bayan, Y. F. (2021). Customizing leadership practices for the millennial workforce: A conceptual framework, Cogent Social Sciences, 7: 1. |
[4] | Forastero, A., Sjabadhyni, B., &Mustika, M. D. (2018). What millennials want: How to optimize their work. Psikohumaniora: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 3 (1). Retrieved from https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.21580/pjpp.v3i1.2489. |
[5] | Anderson, H. J., Baur, J. E., Griffith, J. A., & Buckley, M. R. (2017). What works for you may not work for (Gen) Me: Limitations of present leadership theories for the new generation. The Leadership Quarterly, 28, 245-260. |
[6] | Smith, T. J., & Nichols, T. (2015). Understanding the millennial generation. The Journal of Business Diversity, 15, 39-47. |
[7] | Mc Clelland, D. C. (1973). Testing for Competence Rather than for Intelligence. American Psychologist, 28, 1-14. |
[8] | Arsenault, P. M. (2004). Validating generational differences: a legitimate diversity and leadership issue. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 25, pp. 124–141. |
[9] | Kupperschmidt, B. R. (2000), “Multigeneration employees: Strategies for effective Management”, The health care manager, Vol. 19 No. 1, pp. 65-76. |
[10] | Srinivasan, V. (2012). Multi generations in the workforce: Building collaboration. IIMB Management Review, 24, 48-66. |
[11] | Tortorella, G., Miorando, R., Meiriño, M., & Sawhney, R. (2019). Managing practitioners’ experience and generational differences for adopting lean production principles. The TQM Journal. |
[12] | Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, S. M. (2008). Generational differences in psychological traits and their impact on the workplace. Journal of managerial psychology, 23, 862-877. |
[13] | Succi, C. (2015). Soft Skills for the Next Generation: Toward a comparison between Employers and Graduate Students’ Perceptions. Retrieved from https://www.francoangeli.it/riviste/Scheda_rivista.aspx?IDArticolo=53169 |
[14] | Balda, J. B., & Mora, F. (2011). Adapting leadership theory and practice for the networked, millennial generation. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5, 13-24. |
[15] | Penney, S. H. (2011). Voices of the future: Leadership for the 21st century. Journal of Leadership Studies, 5 (3), 55-62. |
[16] | Mortensen, J., Lichty, L., Foster-Fishman, P., Harfst, S., Hockin, S., Warsinske, K., & Abdullah, K. (2014). Leadership through a youth lens: Understanding youth conceptualizations of leadership. Journal of Community Psychology, 42, 447-462. |
[17] | Sessa, V. I., Kabacoff, R. I., Deal, J., & Brown, H. (2007). Generational differences in leader values and leadership behaviors. The Psychologist-Manager Journal, 10, 47-74. |
[18] | Twenge, J. M. (2010). A review of the empirical evidence on generational differences in Work attitudes. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25, 201–210. |
[19] | Hersey, P., & Blanchard, K. H. (1977). Situational leadership. California American University, Center for Leadership Studies. |
[20] | Kellerman, B. (1984). Leadership: Multidisciplinary perspectives. Englewood Cliffs, N. J: Prentice-Hall. |
[21] | Kuhnert, K. W., & Lewis, P. (1987). Transactional and transformational leadership: A constructive developmental analysis. Academy of Management Review, 12, 648–657. |
[22] | Bass, B. (1985). Leadership and performance beyond expectations. New York: Free Press. |
[23] | Drucker, P. F., (1995). The age of social transformation. The Atlantic Monthly, 274, 53-80. |
[24] | Uhl-Bien, M., Marion, R., & McKelvey, B. (2007). Complexity leadership theory: Shifting leadership from the industrial age to the knowledge era. The leadership quarterly, 18 4, 298-318. |
[25] | Dinh, J. E., Lord, R. G., Gardner, W. L., Meuser, J. D., Liden, R. C., & Hu, J. (2014), “Leadership Theory and Research in the New Millennium: Current Theoretical Trends and Changing Perspectives”, The Leadership Quarterly, Vol. 25 No1, pp 36-62. |
[26] | Ngayo Fotso, G. M. (2021), "Leadership competencies for the 21st century: a review from the Western world literature", European Journal of Training and Development, Vol. 45 No. 6/7, pp. 566-587. |
[27] | Heyns, E. P., Eldermire, E. R., & Howard, H. A. (2019). Unsubstantiated Conclusions: A Scoping Review on Generational Differences of Leadership in Academic Libraries. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 45, 11-23. |
[28] | Keith, Angela. (2021). "The Influences of Generational Membership and Practice Environment on Nurse Manager Job Satisfaction". Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2020-516. |
[29] | Wang, Y. (2020). A comparative study of the leadership preferences of Chinese Millennials and non-Millennials. |
[30] | Folarin, K. (2021). Cultivating Millennials Leaders. American Journal of Leadership and Governance, 6 (1), 1-7. |
[31] | Burton, C. M., Mayhall, C., Cross, J., & Patterson, P. (2019). Critical elements for multigenerational teams: a systematic review. Team Performance Management: An International Journal. vol. 25 no. 7/8. |
[32] | Vazirani, N. (2010). Review paper competencies and competency model-a brief overview of its development and application. SIES Journal of management, 7 (1), 121-131. |
[33] | Page, L., Kramer, M. R., & Klemic, G. (2019), “A Decade of Reviews on Leadership: A Conceptual Perspective and Direction”, Journal of Leadership, Accountability and Ethics, Vol. 16 No. 5. |
[34] | Real, K., Mitnick, A. D., & Maloney, W. F. (2010). More similar than different: Millennials in the US building trades. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25 (2), 303-313. |
[35] | Roome, N., Louche, C. (2015), “Journeying Toward Business Models for Sustainability: A Conceptual Model Found Inside the Black Box of Organisational Transformation”, Organization & Environment, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 11-35. |
[36] | Guzmán, V. E., Muschard, B., Gerolamo, M., Kohl, H., & Rozenfeld, H. (2020). Characteristics and Skills of Leadership in the Context of Industry 4.0. Procedia Manufacturing, 43, 543-550. |
[37] | Rudolph, C. W., & Zacher, H. (2017). Considering generations from a lifespan developmental perspective. Work, Aging and Retirement, 3, 113-129. |
[38] | Walker, A. (1993). Intergenerational relations and welfare restructuring: The social construction of an intergenerational problem. In V. L. Bengtson, & W. A. Achenbaum (Eds.). The changing contract across generations (pp. 141–165). New York, NY: Aldine de Gruyter. |
APA Style
Guy Major Ngayo Fotso. (2022). Differences Between Senior Human Resources Managers and Young Millennials Leaders on the Perceived Required Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century. Journal of Human Resource Management, 10(1), 5-13. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12
ACS Style
Guy Major Ngayo Fotso. Differences Between Senior Human Resources Managers and Young Millennials Leaders on the Perceived Required Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century. J. Hum. Resour. Manag. 2022, 10(1), 5-13. doi: 10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12
AMA Style
Guy Major Ngayo Fotso. Differences Between Senior Human Resources Managers and Young Millennials Leaders on the Perceived Required Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century. J Hum Resour Manag. 2022;10(1):5-13. doi: 10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12
@article{10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12, author = {Guy Major Ngayo Fotso}, title = {Differences Between Senior Human Resources Managers and Young Millennials Leaders on the Perceived Required Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century}, journal = {Journal of Human Resource Management}, volume = {10}, number = {1}, pages = {5-13}, doi = {10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12}, url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12}, eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.jhrm.20221001.12}, abstract = {As millennials take over the workforce, there is a growing concern that generational differences will require adaptations in leadership requirements to ensure organization success. Nevertheless, emerging observations question the validity of generational differences in leadership. This qualitative paper uses semi-structured interviews with senior HR managers and young leaders to explore differences in their perceptions of the required leadership competencies for the 21st century. This paper shows that there are more similarities than differences between young leaders and senior HR managers. The research does not provide evidence to support published claims of generational differences. The research limitations of this paper lie in its reliance on the accounts of senior HR managers and young leaders working in profit-based organizations in developed countries. This paper will be helpful in designing leadership training and development programs, tailoring integration programs for new employees, and recruiting potential future leaders. It will also facilitate workshops for collaboration and team performance between younger and more experienced professionals. The study contributes additional knowledge to the field of leadership by providing a unique comparison between the views of young millennial leaders and senior HR managers on leadership competencies for the 21st century.}, year = {2022} }
TY - JOUR T1 - Differences Between Senior Human Resources Managers and Young Millennials Leaders on the Perceived Required Leadership Competencies for the 21st Century AU - Guy Major Ngayo Fotso Y1 - 2022/03/09 PY - 2022 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12 DO - 10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12 T2 - Journal of Human Resource Management JF - Journal of Human Resource Management JO - Journal of Human Resource Management SP - 5 EP - 13 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2331-0715 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.jhrm.20221001.12 AB - As millennials take over the workforce, there is a growing concern that generational differences will require adaptations in leadership requirements to ensure organization success. Nevertheless, emerging observations question the validity of generational differences in leadership. This qualitative paper uses semi-structured interviews with senior HR managers and young leaders to explore differences in their perceptions of the required leadership competencies for the 21st century. This paper shows that there are more similarities than differences between young leaders and senior HR managers. The research does not provide evidence to support published claims of generational differences. The research limitations of this paper lie in its reliance on the accounts of senior HR managers and young leaders working in profit-based organizations in developed countries. This paper will be helpful in designing leadership training and development programs, tailoring integration programs for new employees, and recruiting potential future leaders. It will also facilitate workshops for collaboration and team performance between younger and more experienced professionals. The study contributes additional knowledge to the field of leadership by providing a unique comparison between the views of young millennial leaders and senior HR managers on leadership competencies for the 21st century. VL - 10 IS - 1 ER -