Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil <i>Transesterification</i>

Abdurrahman Bello; Ahmad Galadima

doi:doi:10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification

Abdurrahman Bello^*, Ahmad Galadima

Published in Modern Chemistry (Volume 12, Issue 1)

Received: 24 January 2024 Accepted: 2 February 2024 Published: 21 February 2024

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Abstract

A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm³ for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm³ for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm³ for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm²/s, 2.52 mm²/s and 1.85 mm²/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.

Published in	Modern Chemistry (Volume 12, Issue 1)
DOI	10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
Page(s)	1-5
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2024. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Charcoal Sample, Chromium Oxide, Activated Charcoal, Trans-esterification, Biodiesel

References

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[7]	Aghan, D. (2005). Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non catalytic supercritical methanol transestarification methods. Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 31(5-6), 466-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2005.09.001
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[13]	Fogler, H. S. (2006) Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering. 4th Edition, Prentice-Hall Inc., New Jersey. Bello EI, Agge M. 2012. Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil. (JETEAS) 3(2): 276-280.
[14]	Bello EI, Agge M. 2012. Biodiesel Production from Ground Nut Oil. (JETEAS) 3(2): 276-280.
[15]	G. Knothe, S. C. Cermak and R. L. Evangelista, Cuphea Oil as Source of Biodiesel with Improved Fuel Properties Caused by High Content of Methyl Decanoate, Energy Fuels, 2009, 23, 1743–1747.
[16]	Jimoh A., Abdulkareem A. S., Afolabi A. S., Odigure J. O. and Odili U. C. (2012). Production and Characterization of Biofuel from Refined Groundnut Oil Intech Open online access book publishers. 198-220.
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APA Style

Bello, A., Galadima, A. (2024). Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Modern Chemistry, 12(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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ACS Style

Bello, A.; Galadima, A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod. Chem. 2024, 12(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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AMA Style

Bello A, Galadima A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod Chem. 2024;12(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11,
  author = {Abdurrahman Bello and Ahmad Galadima},
  title = {Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification},
  journal = {Modern Chemistry},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.mc.20241201.11},
  abstract = {A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification
AU  - Abdurrahman Bello
AU  - Ahmad Galadima
Y1  - 2024/02/21
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
T2  - Modern Chemistry
JF  - Modern Chemistry
JO  - Modern Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-180X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
AB  - A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.

VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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Author Information

Abdurrahman Bello

Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria

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Ahmad Galadima

Department of Chemistry, Federal University Gusau, Zamfara, Nigeria

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APA Style

Bello, A., Galadima, A. (2024). Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Modern Chemistry, 12(1), 1-5. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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ACS Style

Bello, A.; Galadima, A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod. Chem. 2024, 12(1), 1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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AMA Style

Bello A, Galadima A. Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification. Mod Chem. 2024;12(1):1-5. doi: 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11

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@article{10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11,
  author = {Abdurrahman Bello and Ahmad Galadima},
  title = {Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification},
  journal = {Modern Chemistry},
  volume = {12},
  number = {1},
  pages = {1-5},
  doi = {10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.mc.20241201.11},
  abstract = {A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.
},
 year = {2024}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Activated Charcoal Modified with Chromium Oxide as Catalyst for Groundnut Oil Transesterification
AU  - Abdurrahman Bello
AU  - Ahmad Galadima
Y1  - 2024/02/21
PY  - 2024
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
T2  - Modern Chemistry
JF  - Modern Chemistry
JO  - Modern Chemistry
SP  - 1
EP  - 5
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2329-180X
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.mc.20241201.11
AB  - A gradual shift to biofuels development was considered advantageous in reducing the pollution and other challenges associated with fossil fuels. Specifically, biodiesel production is one of those options prioritized in the literature. Herein, we demonstrated how a modified activated charcoal sample and chromium oxide can catalyze the upgrading of groundnut oil into fuel-grade biodiesel at the laboratory scale via trans-esterification with methanol. The charcoal-based catalyst was characterized mainly at mole ratio: 3:1 (methanol: oil) reaction time of 1hr and reaction temperature at 60°C. The yield of biodiesel produced were found 71.50% for activated modified charcoal, 59.30% for chromium oxide and 49.45% for charcoal only, which is a little lower than that obtained by some researchers, and the density was found to be 0.56/cm3 for active modified charcoal, 0.43g/cm3 for chromium oxide and 0.33g/cm3 for charcoal only which is within the ASTM approved limits. The viscocity was found to be 3.39mm2/s, 2.52 mm2/s and 1.85 mm2/s for modified activated charcoal chromium oxide and charcoal respectively at 40°C. The free fatty acid was found to be 0.01%, 0.04% and 0.02% for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively and the values are within the range approved by ASTM. The saponification values obtained were 0.56mgKOH/g, 0.84mgKOH/g and 1.12mgKOH/g for modified activated charcoal, chromium oxide and charcoal respectively. Trans-esterification method is found to be good in producing by biodiesel from groundnut oil as corroborated by several investigations.

VL  - 12
IS  - 1
ER  -

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