Hypertension is the main preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Knowledge and control of multiple risk factors for hypertension will reduce its prevalence, better management and therefore a reduction in the burden of disease. This study targeted other risk factors for high blood pressure in Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of individuals of the inhabitants of Boma aged at least 18 years living in rural and urban areas for at least one year. This study is a continuation of two previous studies. The sampling was randomized to several degrees which made it possible to select the neighborhoods, avenues, households and then adults to be examined. A total of 1,781 households were listed and 3,800 people were expected, but only 3,510 people were examined and whose blood samples were kept and biological analyzes are being carried out gradually. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software for Windows. They were expressed in mean standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables and in frequencies (n) and percentages (%) for categorical variables. The percentages were compared using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with hypertension. The threshold of statistical significance was set at a value of p <0.05. Results: Information from 252 first blood collection samples from Congolese adults living in Boma and over 18 years of age was included in this analysis. The mean age of the study participants was 40.9 ± 15.4 years, of which 71.4% were female. Tobacco, alcohol, diabetes mellitus, and physical inactivity were the most common histories. BMI (p = 0.001), TT (p = <0.001), TH (p = <0.001), TT/Height (p = 0.001) and Uric acid (p = <0.001) values were significantly higher in urban areas than rural. In multivariate analysis, the probability of being associated with hypertension was almost times higher, respectively, AIP≥0.24 (p = 0.357) and Smoking (p = 0.693). It was almost 2 times higher, respectively, for Age≥50 years (p = 0.007), Physical inactivity (p = 0.015), Obesity (p = 0.103). It was nearly 4 times higher, respectively, for Uric Acid> 420 mg/dl (p = 0.001) and CRP> 3 mg/dl (p = 0.015). In the end, it was 10 times higher for Subclinical atherosclerosis (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that high blood pressure has several modifiable risk factors such as CRP, uric acid and non-modifiable.
| Published in | Science Journal of Clinical Medicine (Volume 10, Issue 4) |
| DOI | 10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25 |
| Page(s) | 164-173 |
| Creative Commons |
This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited. |
| Copyright |
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Science Publishing Group |
Hypertension, Associated Factors, Boma
| [1] | Roth GA, Johnson C, Abajobir A, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, Abyu G, et al. Global, regional, and national burden of cardiovascular diseases for 10 causes, 1990 to 2015. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017; 70: 1–25. |
| [2] | Mills KT, Bundy JD, Kelly TN, Reed JE, Kearney PM, Reynolds K, et al. Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries. Circulation. 2016; 134: 441–50. |
| [3] | Forouzanfar M, Liu P, Roth G, et al. Global burden of hypertension and systolic blood pressure of at least 110 to 115 mm hg, 1990-2015. JAMA. 2017; 317: 165–82. |
| [4] | Lim S, Theo V, Abraham A et al., “A comparative risk assessment of burden of disease and injury attributable to 67 risk factors and risk factor clusters in 21 regions, 1990–2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010,” The Lancet. 2013; 380 (9859): 2224–2260. |
| [5] | World Health Organization, “Global health observatory data repository,” WHO, Geneva, Switzerland, 2015, 2015. |
| [6] | Mills K, Bundy J, Kelly T et al., “Global disparities of hypertension prevalence and control: a systematic analysis of population-based studies from 90 countries,” Circulation. 2016; 134 (6): 441–450. |
| [7] | Neuhauser H, Sargans G. High blood pressure: a concern for everyone. In: Facts and Trends from Federal Health Reporting. Berlin: Robert Koch Institut; 2015. |
| [8] | Naghavi M, Abajobir A, Abbafati C, et al. Global, regional, and national age-sex specific mortality for 264 causes of death, 1980–2016: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1151–1210. |
| [9] | World Health Organization. Noncommunicable diseases country profiles 2018. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2018. |
| [10] | Tshiani KA, Nseka M, Musuamba M, et al. Epidémiologie de l’hypertension au Zaïre: Résultat d’une enquête préliminaire. Méd Afr Noire 1979; 1: 67-74. |
| [11] | M’Buyamba – Kabangu J, Fagard R, Lijnen P, et al. Blood pressure in Bantu of Zaïre: epidemiological aspects. Trop Cardiol 1987; 13 (Suppl): S113-20. |
| [12] | Longo Mbenza B, Efini B, Ekwanzala F, et al. Enquête sur les facteurs de risque des maladies non transmissibles à Kinshasa, capital de RDC selon l’approche steps de l’OMS. Kinshasa 2006. |
| [13] | Bayauli P, M’Buyamba Kabangu, Lemogoum D, et al. Cardiovascular risk factors among the inhabitants of an urban Congolese community: results of the VITARAA Study On behalf of the VITARAA. IJC Metabolic & Endocrine. 2014 Sept; 4: 33-38. |
| [14] | Katchunga P, M’Buyamba- Kabangu, Masumbuko B, et al. Hypertension artérielle chez l’adulte congolais du sud Kivu: résultats de l’étude Vitaraa. Presse Med 2011; 40: 315-323. |
| [15] | Kianu B, Mpembele E, Kintoki EV, et al. Rates of hypertension prevalence, awareness, treatment, and control in Congolese South West Port City. The influence of gender according to groups. Global Journal of Medical Research 2015; 15 (1): 1-8. |
| [16] | Makoso Nimi B, Longo Longo G, Longo Mbenza B, Makoso Nimi M, Nkongo Mabiala B. Prevalence, awareness, traitment and control of hypertension in Tshela rural areas. DR Congo. IJSRP. 2020; 10 (6): 803-813. |
| [17] | Makoso Nimi B, Lepira Bompeka F, Longo Mbenza B, Vangu Vangu R Longo Longo G, et al. Prevalence of undiagnosed hypertension among the hypertensive living in the port city of Boma. DR Congo. IJISRT 2020; 5 (6): 197-204. |
| [18] | Makoso Nimi B, François Lepira Bompeka F, Longo Mbenza B, Longo-Longo G et al. Hypertension and Associated Cadiovascular Risk factors among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. IJMSCR. 2020; 3 (4): 682-693. |
| [19] | Makoso Nimi B, Longo Longo G, Benjamin Longo Mbenza B, Nkembi Nzuzi C, Vangu Vangu R et al. Nutritional and Environmental Contribution as a Determinant of Hypertension Among Adults in Urban-Rural Areas in the Demogratic Republic of Congo. Cardiology and Cardiovascular Research. 2021; 5 (1): 55-62. |
| [20] | Makoso Nimi B, Lepira Bompeka F, Longo Mbenza B, Nkembi Nzuzi C, Longo Longo G, et al. Prevalence, Awareness, Treatment and Control of Hypertension Among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma, Democratic Republic of the Congo. European Journal of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences. 2021; 7 (1): 12-20. |
| [21] | Makoso Nimi B, Lepira Bompeka F, Aliocha Nkodila, Ilenga W, Gédeon Longo-Longo G et al. Prehypertension, Hypertension and Associated Risk Factors among Adults Living in the Port City of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. A Population-Based Cross-Sectional Survey. Acta Scientific Cancer Biology. 2020; 4 (5): 24-32. |
| [22] | Lepira F, M’Buyamba-Kabangu J, Nseka M. Correlates of serum lipids and lipoproteins in Congolise patients with arterial hyprtension: Cardiovascular Journal Africa 2005; 16 (5): 249-55. |
| [23] | Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal 2018; 39 (33): 3021-104. |
| [24] | Ministère du Plan en collaboration avec le Ministère de la Santé. Enquête Démographique et de Santé 2013-2014 (EDS). |
| [25] | World Health Organization. “Global Physical Activity Questionnaire (GPAQ)”. Geneva, Switzerland. |
| [26] | Whitworth JA, World Health Organization ISoHWG. 2003 World Health Organization (WHO)/International Society of Hypertension (ISH) statement on management of hypertension. J. Hypertens. 2003; 21 (11): 1983-92. |
| [27] | Alberti KG, Zimmet P, Shaw. Metabolic syndrome – a new world-wide definition. A Consensus Statement from the International Diabetes Federation. J Diabetes Med 2006; 5 (5): 469–480. |
| [28] | Takeshi K, laria P, Maufroy N, Jean philippe D, Isabelle M Fakher N, et al. arterial hypertension and arterial pulse. Mt cardio. 2006; 2 (5): 493-501. |
| [29] | Orth SR, Stockmann A, Conradt C, Ritz E, Ferro M, Kreusser W and al. Smoking as a risk factor for end-stage renal failure in men with primary renal disease. Kidney Int. 2008; 54: 926-31. |
| [30] | Mohsen Gadallah, Soad Abdel, Amira Mohsen and Sahar Kandil. Hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors among urban slum dwellers in Egypt: a population- based survey. East Mediterr Health J. 2018; 24 (5): 435-442. |
| [31] | Pearson TA, Mensah GA, Alexander RW, Anderson JL, Cannon RO 3rd, Criqui M, Fadl YY, Fortmann SP, Hong Y, Myers GL, et al. Markers of inflammation and cardiovascular disease: application to clinical and public health practice: a statement for healthcare professionals from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2003; 107 (3): 499–511. |
| [32] | Trinder P and Barham D. Estimation of LDL-cholesterol in plasma. Clin. Chem 1979; 78: 19-22. |
| [33] | Castelli W, Abbott R and McNamara P. Summary estimates of cholesterol used to predict coronary heart disease; Circulation. 1983, 67: 730-734. |
| [34] | Dobiašova M, Frohlich J, Šedova M, et al. Cholesterol esterification and atherogenic index of plasma correlate with lipoprotein size and findings on coronary angiography. J. Lipid Res, 52, 566–571. |
| [35] | Flink L, Underberg J, Newman J, Gianos E. The recent national lipid association recommendations: how do they compare to other established dyslipidemia guidelines? Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2015; 17 (4): 494. |
| [36] | Blauth F, Lara GM, Wagner SC, Reichert CL. Association between cardiovascular risk factors and C-reactive protein in aged women. J Bras Patol Med Lab. 2008; 44 (2): 83–88. |
| [37] | Sui X, Church TS, Meriwether RA, Lobelo F, Blair SN. Uric acid and the development of metabolic syndrome in women and men. Metabolism. 2008; 57: 845–52. |
| [38] | Stewart D, Langlois V and Noone D Hyperuricemia and Hypertension: Links and Risks. Integrated Blood Pressure Control 2019: 12 43–62. |
| [39] | Boukli L, Khelila A, Chabane D. Prévalence des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire au sein des communautés urbaine et rurale dans la Wilaya de Tlemcen (Algérie): l’étude de deux communes. Revue d' Épidémiologie et de Santé Publique 2017 Oct; 65 (4): 277-284. |
| [40] | Sboui G, Mzabi A, Anoun J, et al. Campagne de dépistage de masse des facteurs de risque cardiovasculaire dans la région de Sousse, en Tunisie. Annales d'Endocrinologie 2018 Sept; 79 (4): 516. |
| [41] | Touré A, N’guessan K, Okoubo G, et al. Déterminants de l’hypertension artérielle à Adzope. Cote d’Ivoire. Revue Bio-Africa 2016; 15: 17-25. |
| [42] | Brouri M, Ouadahib N, Nibouche D, et al. Facteurs de risque cardio-vasculaires en Algérie. Une analyse du sous-groupe de l’étude « Africa/Middle East Cardiovascular Epidemiological » Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie 2018 Apr; 67 (2): 61-66. |
| [43] | Sathiyapriya V, Selvaraj N, Nandeesha H, Bobby Z, Aparna A, Pavithran P. Association between protein bound sialic acid and high sensitivity C-reactive protein in prehypertension: a possible indication of underlying cardiovascular risk. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2008; 30 (5): 367–74. |
| [44] | Gupta A, Johnson W. Prediabetes and prehypertension in disease free obese adults correlate with an exacerbated systemic proinflammatory milieu. J Inflamm. 2010; 7: 36. |
| [45] | Smith GD, Lawlor DA, Harbord R, Timpson N, Rumley A, Lowe GDO, et al. Association of C-reactive protein with blood pressure and hypertension: life course confounding and Mendelian randomization tests of causality. ATVB 2005; 25: 1051–1056. |
| [46] | GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990– 2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet 2017; 390: 1211–1259. |
| [47] | Saito M, Ishimitsu T, Minami J, Ono H, Ohrui M, Matsuoka H. Relations of plasma high-sensitivity C-reactive protein to traditional cardiovascular risk factors. Atherosclerosis 2003; 167: 73–79. |
| [48] | Tolmay CM, Malan L, Van Rooyen JM. The relationship between cortisol, C-reactive protein and hypertension in African and Causcasian women: the POWIRS study. Cardiovasc J Afr 2012; 23: 78–84. |
| [49] | Yokokawa H, Fukuda H, Suzuki A, Fujibayashi K, Naito T, Uehara Y, et al. Association between serum uric acid levels/hyperuricemia and hypertension among 85,286 Japaneseworkers. J Clin Hypertens. 2016; 18: 53–9. |
| [50] | Wei F, Sun N, Cai C, Feng S, Tian J, Shi W, et al. Associations between serum uric acid and the incidence of hypertension: a Chinese senior dynamic cohort study. J Transl Med. 2016; 14: 110. |
| [51] | Kang DH, Nakagawa T, Feng L, Watanabe S, Han L, Mazzali M, et al. A role for uric acid in the progression of renal disease. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2002; 13: 2888–97. |
| [52] | Mazzali M, Kanellis J, Han L, Feng L, Xia YY, Chen Q, et al. Hyperuricemia induces a primary renal arteriolopathy in rats by a blood pressure-independent mechanism. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002; 282: F991–7. |
| [53] | Khosla UM, Zharikov S, Finch JL, Nakagawa T, Roncal C, Mu W, et al. Hyperuricemia induces endothelial dysfunction. Kidney Int. 2005; 67: 1739–42. |
| [54] | Feig DI, Nakagawa T, Karumanchi SA, Oliver WJ, Kang DH, Finch J, et al. Hypothesis: uric acid, nephron number, and the pathogenesis of essential hypertension. Kidney Int. 2004; 66: 281–7. |
| [55] | Corry DB, Eslami P, Yamamoto K, Nyby MD, Makino H, Tuck ML. Uric acid stimulates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and oxidative stress via the vascular renin-angiotensin system. J Hypertens. 2008; 26: 269–75. |
| [56] | Willey J Z, Rodriguez CJ, Carlino RF, Moon YP, Paik MC, Boden-Albala B, Elkind MS. Race-ethnic differences in the relationship between lipid profile components and risk of myocardial infarction: the Northern Manhattan Study. Am Heart J 2011; 161 (5): 886–892. |
| [57] | Graham G. Racial and Ethnic Differences in Acute Coronary Syndrome and Myocardial Infarction Within the United States: From Demographics to Outcomes. Clin. Cardiol 2016; 39 (5): 299–306. |
| [58] | Ponte-Negretti CI, Isea-Pérez J, Lanas F, Medina J, Gómez-Mancebo J, Morales E, Lanas F, et al. Atherogenic dyslipidemia in Latin America: prevalence, causes and treatment. Consensus. Rev Mex Cardiol 2017; 28 (2): 54-85. |
| [59] | Zhao WW, Yang YH, Lu B, Feng XC, He M, Yang ZH, et al. Serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and progression to arterial stiffness in middleaged and elderly Chinese. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2013; 23 (10): 973-9. |
| [60] | Wang X, Ye P, Cao R, Yang X, Xiao W, Zhang Y, et al. Triglycerides are a predictive factor for arterial stiffness: a community-based 4.8-year prospective study. Lipids Health Dis. 2016; 15: 97. |
| [61] | Pavlovska I, Kunzova S, Jakubik J, Hruskova J, Skladana M, Rivas-Serna IM, et al. Associations between high triglycerides and arterial stiffness in a population-based sample: Kardiovize Brno 2030 study. Lipids Health Dis. 2020; 19 (1): 170. |
| [62] | Dobiasova M, Frohlich J. The plasma parameter log (TG/HDL-C) as an atherogenic index: correlation with lipoprotein particle size and esterification rate in apoB-lipoprotein-depleted plasma (FER (HDL)). Clin Biochem. 2001; 34 (7): 583–8. |
| [63] | Raslova K, Dobiasova M, Hubacek JA, Bencova D, Sivakova D, Dankova Z, et al. Association of metabolic and genetic factors with cholesterol esterification rate in HDL plasma and atherogenic index of plasma in a 40 years old Slovak population. Physiol Res. 2011; 60 (5): 785–95. |
| [64] | Frohlich J, Dobiasova M. Fractional esterification rate of cholesterol and ratio of triglycerides to HDL-cholesterol are powerful predictors of positive findings on coronary angiography. Clin Chem. 2003; 49 (11): 1873–80. |
| [65] | Hirayama S, Miida T. Small dense LDL: an emerging risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2012; 414: 215–24. |
| [66] | Aminuddin A, Lazim M, Hamid AA, Hui CK, Mohd YM, Kumar J, et al. The association between inflammation and pulse wave velocity in dyslipidemia: an evidence-based review. Mediators Inflamm. 2020; 2020: 4732987. |
| [67] | Cure MC, Tufekci A, Cure E, Kirbas S, Ogullar S, Kirbas A, et al. Low-density lipoprotein subfraction, carotid artery intima-media thickness, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor alpha are associated with newly diagnosed ischemic stroke. Ann Indian Acad Neurol. 2013; 16 (4): 498–503. |
| [68] | Lacolley P, Regnault V, Segers P, Laurent S. Vascular smooth muscle cells and arterial stiffening: relevance in development, aging, and disease. Physiol Rev. 2017; 97 (4): 1555–617. |
| [69] | Kelesidis T, Tran T, Brown T, et al. Changes in plasma levels of oxidized lipoproteins and lipoprotein subfractions with atazanavir-, raltegravir-, darunavir-based initial antiviral therapy and associations with common carotid artery intima-media thickness: ACTG 5260s. Antivir Ther. 2017; 22 (2): 113–26. |
APA Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi, Martin Phanzu Ngoma, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Firmin Mbambi Nsungu, Aliocha Nkodila, et al. (2021). Association Between Clinical-biological Factors and Hypertension in the Urban-rural Population of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Science Journal of Clinical Medicine, 10(4), 164-173. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25
ACS Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi; Martin Phanzu Ngoma; Benjamin Longo Mbenza; Firmin Mbambi Nsungu; Aliocha Nkodila, et al. Association Between Clinical-biological Factors and Hypertension in the Urban-rural Population of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci. J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(4), 164-173. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25
AMA Style
Blaise Makoso Nimi, Martin Phanzu Ngoma, Benjamin Longo Mbenza, Firmin Mbambi Nsungu, Aliocha Nkodila, et al. Association Between Clinical-biological Factors and Hypertension in the Urban-rural Population of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. Sci J Clin Med. 2021;10(4):164-173. doi: 10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25
Share This Article
Twitter
Linked In
Facebook
Copy
Download@article{10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25,
author = {Blaise Makoso Nimi and Martin Phanzu Ngoma and Benjamin Longo Mbenza and Firmin Mbambi Nsungu and Aliocha Nkodila and Carine Nkembi Nzuzi and Gedeon Longo Longo and Etienne Mokondjimabe},
title = {Association Between Clinical-biological Factors and Hypertension in the Urban-rural Population of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo},
journal = {Science Journal of Clinical Medicine},
volume = {10},
number = {4},
pages = {164-173},
doi = {10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25},
url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25},
eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.sjcm.20211004.25},
abstract = {Hypertension is the main preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Knowledge and control of multiple risk factors for hypertension will reduce its prevalence, better management and therefore a reduction in the burden of disease. This study targeted other risk factors for high blood pressure in Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of individuals of the inhabitants of Boma aged at least 18 years living in rural and urban areas for at least one year. This study is a continuation of two previous studies. The sampling was randomized to several degrees which made it possible to select the neighborhoods, avenues, households and then adults to be examined. A total of 1,781 households were listed and 3,800 people were expected, but only 3,510 people were examined and whose blood samples were kept and biological analyzes are being carried out gradually. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software for Windows. They were expressed in mean standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables and in frequencies (n) and percentages (%) for categorical variables. The percentages were compared using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with hypertension. The threshold of statistical significance was set at a value of p 420 mg/dl (p = 0.001) and CRP> 3 mg/dl (p = 0.015). In the end, it was 10 times higher for Subclinical atherosclerosis (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that high blood pressure has several modifiable risk factors such as CRP, uric acid and non-modifiable.},
year = {2021}
}
TY - JOUR T1 - Association Between Clinical-biological Factors and Hypertension in the Urban-rural Population of Boma in the Democratic Republic of the Congo AU - Blaise Makoso Nimi AU - Martin Phanzu Ngoma AU - Benjamin Longo Mbenza AU - Firmin Mbambi Nsungu AU - Aliocha Nkodila AU - Carine Nkembi Nzuzi AU - Gedeon Longo Longo AU - Etienne Mokondjimabe Y1 - 2021/12/31 PY - 2021 N1 - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25 DO - 10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25 T2 - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine JF - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine JO - Science Journal of Clinical Medicine SP - 164 EP - 173 PB - Science Publishing Group SN - 2327-2732 UR - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.sjcm.20211004.25 AB - Hypertension is the main preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Knowledge and control of multiple risk factors for hypertension will reduce its prevalence, better management and therefore a reduction in the burden of disease. This study targeted other risk factors for high blood pressure in Boma, Democratic Republic of Congo. Methods: This was an analytical cross-sectional study. The study population consisted of individuals of the inhabitants of Boma aged at least 18 years living in rural and urban areas for at least one year. This study is a continuation of two previous studies. The sampling was randomized to several degrees which made it possible to select the neighborhoods, avenues, households and then adults to be examined. A total of 1,781 households were listed and 3,800 people were expected, but only 3,510 people were examined and whose blood samples were kept and biological analyzes are being carried out gradually. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 21 software for Windows. They were expressed in mean standard deviations (SD) for continuous variables and in frequencies (n) and percentages (%) for categorical variables. The percentages were compared using the chi-square test. Logistic regression was used to identify independent factors associated with hypertension. The threshold of statistical significance was set at a value of p 420 mg/dl (p = 0.001) and CRP> 3 mg/dl (p = 0.015). In the end, it was 10 times higher for Subclinical atherosclerosis (p = 0.001). Conclusion: The results revealed that high blood pressure has several modifiable risk factors such as CRP, uric acid and non-modifiable. VL - 10 IS - 4 ER -
Email: