Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas

Nsikan Affiah; Sunkanmi Fadoju; Idara James; Ndifreke James; Chimankpam Uzoma; Emmanuel Opada; Joseph Jasini

doi:doi:10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas

Nsikan Affiah, Sunkanmi Fadoju, Idara James, Ndifreke James, Chimankpam Uzoma, Emmanuel Opada, Joseph Jasini

Published in World Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 2)

Received: 24 January 2022 Accepted: 17 February 2022 Published: 9 April 2022

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Abstract

The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.

Published in	World Journal of Public Health (Volume 7, Issue 2)
DOI	10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
Page(s)	39-45
Creative Commons	This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright	Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Science Publishing Group

Keywords

Malaria, Household, Cost, Income

References

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[5]	Onwujekwe, O., Chima, R. and Okonkwo, P. 2000. Economic burden of malaria illness on households versus that of all other illness episodes: A study in five malaria holo-endemic Nigerian communities. Health Policy. 54: 143–159.
[6]	Gallup J. L., Sachs J. D. 2001. The Economic Burden of Malaria. In: Breman JG, Egan A, Keusch GT, editors. The Intolerable Burden of Malaria: A New Look at the Numbers: Supplement to Volume 64 (1) of the American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. Northbrook (IL): American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2624/
[7]	Nigeria Bureau of Statistics, 2021. https://nigerianstat.gov.ng
[8]	Uguru, N. P., Onwujekwe, O. E., Uzochukwu, B. S., Igiliegbe, G. C., and Eze, S. B. 2009. Inequities in incidence, morbidity and expenditures on prevention and treatment of malaria in southeast Nigeria. BioMed Central Journal. 8: 1–8.
[9]	International Policy Network 2004. Diseases of poverty and the 10/90 Gap. November 2004. Third Floor, Bedford Chambers, the Piazza London WC2E 8HA UK. www.policynetwork.net
[10]	Musa, O. S. and Sanni, A. N. 2013. Malaria Burden and The Effectiveness of Malaria Control Measures in Nigeria: A Case Study of Asa Local Government Area of Kwara State. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development. 4: 295–308.
[11]	Ettling, M. B., Mcfarland, D. A., Schultz, L, J. and Chitsulo, L. 1994. Economic impact of malaria in Malawian households. Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 45: 74–79.
[12]	Houtven, G. V., Honeycutt, A. A., Gilman, B., Mccall, N. T. and Throneburg, W. W. 2004. Costs of Illness for Six Major Health Conditions Among Older Adults Costs of Illness for Six Major Health Conditions Among Older Adults.
[13]	Segel, J. E. 2006. Cost-of-Illness Studies-A Primer. RTI International RTI-UNC Center of Excellence in Health Promotion Economics. 1: 1–39.
[14]	Changik Jo 2014. Cost-of-illness studies: concepts, scopes, and methods. Clinical and Molecular Hepatology 2014; 20: 327-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3350/cmh.2014.20.4.327.
[15]	World Health Organization 2015. Global TB Programme Protocol for survey to determine direct and indirect costs due to TB and to estimate proportion of TB-affected. households experiencing catastrophic costs.
[16]	Cropper, M. L., Haile, M., Lampietti, J. A., Poulos, C. and Whittington, D. 1997. The Value of Preventing Malaria in Tembien, Ethiopia.
[17]	National Population Commission (NPopC), National Malaria Elimination Programme (NMEP), National Bureauof Statistics (NBS), and ICF International. 2016. Nigeria Malaria Indicator Survey 2015. Abuja, Nigeria, andRockville, Maryland, USA: NMEP, NPopC, and ICF International.
[18]	Odu, B. P., Mitchell, S., Isa, H., Ugot, I., Yusuf, R., Cockcroft, A. and Andersson, N. 2015. Equity and seeking treatment for young children with fever in Nigeria: a cross-sectional study in Cross River and Bauchi States. Infectious Diseases of Poverty Journal. 3: 1–8.
[19]	Okorosobo, T., Okorosobo, F., Mwabu, G., Orem, J. N. and Kirigia, J. M. 2011. Economic Burden of Malaria in six Countries of Africa. European Journal of Business and Management. 3: 42–63.
[20]	Sicuri, E., Vieta, A., Lindner, L., Constenla, D. and Sauboin, C. 2013. The economic costs of malaria in children in three sub-Saharan countries: Ghana, Tanzania and Kenya. Malaria Journal. 12: 11-14.

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APA Style

Nsikan Affiah, Sunkanmi Fadoju, Idara James, Ndifreke James, Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. (2022). Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World Journal of Public Health, 7(2), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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ACS Style

Nsikan Affiah; Sunkanmi Fadoju; Idara James; Ndifreke James; Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World J. Public Health 2022, 7(2), 39-45. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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AMA Style

Nsikan Affiah, Sunkanmi Fadoju, Idara James, Ndifreke James, Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World J Public Health. 2022;7(2):39-45. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11,
  author = {Nsikan Affiah and Sunkanmi Fadoju and Idara James and Ndifreke James and Chimankpam Uzoma and Emmanuel Opada and Joseph Jasini},
  title = {Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {39-45},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20220702.11},
  abstract = {The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.},
 year = {2022}
}

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TY  - JOUR
T1  - Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas
AU  - Nsikan Affiah
AU  - Sunkanmi Fadoju
AU  - Idara James
AU  - Ndifreke James
AU  - Chimankpam Uzoma
AU  - Emmanuel Opada
AU  - Joseph Jasini
Y1  - 2022/04/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 39
EP  - 45
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
AB  - The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

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Author Information

Nsikan Affiah

Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Sunkanmi Fadoju

Creative Associates International, Abuja, Nigeria
Idara James

Department of Computer Science, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Abasi, Nigeria
Ndifreke James

Action Against Hunger, Potiskum, Nigeria
Chimankpam Uzoma

Faculty of Public Health, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria
Emmanuel Opada

Victoria County Public Health Department, Victoria, USA
Joseph Jasini

International Centre for AIDS Care and Treatment Program, Yola, Nigeria

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APA Style

Nsikan Affiah, Sunkanmi Fadoju, Idara James, Ndifreke James, Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. (2022). Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World Journal of Public Health, 7(2), 39-45. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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ACS Style

Nsikan Affiah; Sunkanmi Fadoju; Idara James; Ndifreke James; Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World J. Public Health 2022, 7(2), 39-45. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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AMA Style

Nsikan Affiah, Sunkanmi Fadoju, Idara James, Ndifreke James, Chimankpam Uzoma, et al. Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas. World J Public Health. 2022;7(2):39-45. doi: 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11

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@article{10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11,
  author = {Nsikan Affiah and Sunkanmi Fadoju and Idara James and Ndifreke James and Chimankpam Uzoma and Emmanuel Opada and Joseph Jasini},
  title = {Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas},
  journal = {World Journal of Public Health},
  volume = {7},
  number = {2},
  pages = {39-45},
  doi = {10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11},
  url = {https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11},
  eprint = {https://article.sciencepublishinggroup.com/pdf/10.11648.j.wjph.20220702.11},
  abstract = {The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.},
 year = {2022}
}

Copy | Download

TY  - JOUR
T1  - Economic Impact of Malaria Treatment on Resource-constrained Households in Akwa Ibom: A Case Study on Selected Local Government Areas
AU  - Nsikan Affiah
AU  - Sunkanmi Fadoju
AU  - Idara James
AU  - Ndifreke James
AU  - Chimankpam Uzoma
AU  - Emmanuel Opada
AU  - Joseph Jasini
Y1  - 2022/04/09
PY  - 2022
N1  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
DO  - 10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
T2  - World Journal of Public Health
JF  - World Journal of Public Health
JO  - World Journal of Public Health
SP  - 39
EP  - 45
PB  - Science Publishing Group
SN  - 2637-6059
UR  - https://doi.org/10.11648/j.wjph.20220702.11
AB  - The burden of malaria on human and economic resources cannot be underestimated. In the Nigerian communities where malaria is endemic, the impact on households results in the loss of resources, time, and health of the household members. Up to 97% of the population in Nigeria live under the risk of malaria and 76% in high transmission areas; 50% of the population estimated to have at least one episode of malaria yearly, with the incidence of about 2 to 4 episodes among children every year. The expenditure on malaria represents over 40% of curative healthcare costs with catastrophic impact on the microeconomic level where households are represented. The study set out to determine the economic cost of treating malaria and the health-seeking behaviour of households in Akwa Ibom State, South-South Nigeria. A cross sectional descriptive study among 640 households across the 3 Local Government Areas of the survey. Quantitative method was used to gather information and collected data were analyzed using SPSS software with the result on the cost of malaria treatment estimated using the prevailing interbank exchange rate of 197 Naira per SDU in 2015 and 379 in 2021. The results showed that 55.7% of households preferred visiting drug stores for malaria treatment. Total cost was made up of 44.7% of direct cost and 55.3% of indirect cost, with average direct cost of malaria treatment per household estimated at 8,563.77 Naira (22.60 USD) and the average indirect cost of treatment per household estimated at 10,437.09 Naira (27.54 USD). Average total cost for each episode (888) of malaria was estimated at 9,305.51 Naira (22.55 USD) while at the household level, the average total cost was estimated at 18,868.10 Naira (49.78 USD). In conclusion, low-income households spend 36% of monthly household income on treating malaria compared to high-income households with spending of only 1.2%. The cost of malaria treatment is well beyond the means of the households and given the reality of repeated bouts of malaria and its contribution to the impoverishment of households necessitating increase investment in treatment and preventive intervention.
VL  - 7
IS  - 2
ER  -

Copy | Download